Livestock Terminology & Management

• Pasteurization: Heat treatment of milk to kill all pathogenic and most non-pathogenic bacteria.
• LTLT: Milk at 61–63°C for 30 min.
• HTST: Milk at 71–76°C for 15 sec.
• Ultra High Temperature (UHT): Milk at 148–149°C for 0.5–5 sec, then rapid cooling.
• Lactation Period: Milk production period between birth of young and next pregnancy.
• Artificial Insemination (AI): Semen collection from healthy bull and introduced into female for breeding.
• Semen Storage: Liquid nitrogen at −196°C; 5–8-year-old bulls used; one bull can fertilize up to 3000 females.
• Dehorning: Removal of horns; methods: chemical (caustic soda), mechanical (clippers/saws/rubber band), electrical (rod); done at 10–15 days old.
• Disbudding: Arresting horn growth at early bud stage.
• Castration: Removal of testicles in males (Burdizzo method).
• Bedding/Litter: Material to keep animals clean and comfortable.
• Culling: Separation of diseased animals from healthy.
• Casting: Throwing animal on ground.
• Docking: Tail removal in sheep.
• Mohair: Hair of Angora goat.
• Pashmina: Undercoat of Kashmiri goats.

Livestock Population & Production (India)

• Total livestock population (2019): 535.8 million.
• India’s share of world livestock population: 15%.
• India ranks 1st in: Milk production, total buffaloes, wool production, and total cattle.
• Milk production highest in: Uttar Pradesh.
• Wool production highest in: Rajasthan.

Milk & Dairy Facts

• Cow’s milk yellow due to carotene; white due to casein.
• Legal SNF (Solid Not Fat) in cow milk: 8.5%.
• Lactose: Carbohydrate of milk.
• Protein in colostrum: Cow 17.8%, Buffalo 21.4%.
• Lactose and minerals present as solution; proteins in colloidal form; fat as emulsion.
• Milk rich in Ca, P, Vit A; deficient in iron & Vit C.
• Fat content in double-toned milk: 1.5%.
• Fresh milk pH: 6.5–6.7; boiling point: 100.17°C.
• Casein: 80% of total milk protein.
• Milk let-down: Due to oxytocin secretion.
• Most variable constituent of milk: Fat.

Proteins & Carbohydrates

• Water-soluble, heat-coagulable protein: Albumin.
• Indigestible protein: Elastin.
• Milk sugar: Glucose + Galactose = Lactose.
• Glucose + Glucose = Maltose; Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose.

Livestock & Poultry Management

• Poultry for meat: Broiler; egg production: Layer.
• Broiler growth period: 6–8 weeks; Grower: 9–20 weeks; Layer: 21–72 weeks.
• Temperature of artificial vagina: 42°C.
• Oxidation of fat: Beta oxidation.

Disease & Nutrition

• Zoonotic cattle disease: Anthrax.
• Sulfur-containing vitamins: Thiamine, Biotin.
• First IVF buffalo calf: Pratham; First cloned sheep: Dolly.
• Ruminant stomach chambers: 4 (cattle, sheep, goat, deer); camel: 3.
• Largest ruminant stomach compartment: Rumen.
• Skin/connective tissue protein: Collagen.
• Light receptor pigment in animals: Melanin.
• Poultry manganese deficiency → Perosis.
• Vitamin E deficiency → Crazy chick disease.
• Biotin deficiency → Cracked feet in poultry.
• Poultry excellent for broiler: Plymouth Rock.
• Pregnant cow doesn’t come in heat due to corpus luteum.
• Hay storage moisture <16%.
• Zinc deficiency → Parakeratosis.