ICAR JRF Plant Science Practice Series Memory Based 2023 Shift 1st  (Module 1) (41 – 80 MCQ) 

 

 

Question 41

Who is considered as Father of Plant Pathology?

1. Anton de Bary
2. PMA Millardet
3. J. Butler
4. Robert Koch

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation:  Anton de Bary is regarded as the Father of Plant Pathology because he experimentally proved that plant diseases are caused by pathogens, particularly fungi (e.g., Phytophthora infestans causing potato late blight). His work established plant pathology as a scientific discipline.

 

 

Question 42

Which of the following bacterial pathogen is believed to have originated in Andes region in South America, and spread to other continents?

1. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
2. Ralstonia solanacearum
3. Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae
4. Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation:  Ralstonia solanacearum is believed to have originated in the Andes region of South America and later spread globally. It causes bacterial wilt in many crops and is highly adaptable to different environments, aiding its widespread distribution.

 

 

Question 43

Match List-I with List-II (Disease and Causal organism type):

List-I (Disease)	List-II (Causal organism type)
(A) Late blight of potato	(I) Bacterium
(B) Citrus canker	(II) Fungus
(C) Tobacco mosaic disease	(III) Virus
(D) Rice blast	(IV) Oomycete

Options:

1. (A)-(IV), (B)-(I), (C)-(III), (D)-(II)
2. (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
3. (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)
4. (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)

Correct Answer: 1

 

 

Question 44

Statement (I): Erwinia amylovora causes fire blight of apple and pear.
Statement (II): The pathogen enters through natural openings or wounds and spreads through vascular tissue.

Options:

1. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are correct.
2. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are incorrect.
3. Statement (I) is correct but Statement (II) is incorrect.
4. Statement (I) is incorrect but Statement (II) is correct.

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation:  Erwinia amylovora enters through natural openings (stomata, lenticels) or wounds and spreads through the vascular system, causing systemic infection (fire blight). Both statements correctly describe infection and spread.

 

 

Question 45

Which of the following is a soil-borne fungal pathogen causing vascular wilt in many crops?

1. Xanthomonas campestris
2. Fusarium oxysporum
3. Phytophthora infestans
4. Puccinia graminis

Options:

1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation:  Fusarium oxysporum is a soil-borne fungus that infects roots and blocks xylem vessels, causing vascular wilt. This leads to yellowing, wilting, and plant death due to disrupted water transport.

 

 

Question 46

Monocytic diseases are incited by soilborne pathogens:
(A) Monocytic diseases are usually observed in perennial crops.
(B) Monocytic disease complete one life cycle in a year.
(C) Monocytic disease can be controlled by soil treatment.
(D) Monocytic diseases are usually endemic in a particular location.
Options:

1. (A), (B) and (D) only
2. (A), (B) and (C) only
3. (B), (C) and (D) only
4. (A), (B), (C) and (D) only

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation:  Monocyclic diseases (often soilborne) complete one infection cycle per season and are generally endemic and persistent in a location. They are commonly associated with perennial crops. However, soil treatment may not always be effective, so (C) is not universally true.

 

 

Question 47

Ug99 is new race of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici:
(A) Ug99 was first emerged in Uttar Pradesh
(B) Ug99 was first emerged in Uganda in 1999
(C) Ug99 was first emerged in Uganda in 1998
(D) Subvariants of Ug99 emerged recently
Options:

1. (A), (B) and (D) only
2. (B) and (C) only
3. (C) and (D) only
4. (B), (C) and (D) only

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation:  Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici race Ug99 was first identified in Uganda in 1999, and several new variants have evolved since then. Statement (C) is incorrect because the recognized year is 1999, not 1998.

 

 

Question 48

 

Match List-I with List-II (Virus and Transmission Vector):

List-I	List-II
(A) Gemini virus	(I) Aphids
(B) Potyvirus	(II) Thrips
(C)Badna virus	(III) Mealybug
(D) Tospovirus	(IV) Whitefly

Options:

1. (A)-(IV), (B)-(I), (C)-(III), (D)-(II)
2. (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
3. (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)
4. (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation: 

• Gemini viruses → transmitted by whiteflies
• Potyviruses → transmitted by aphids
• Badnaviruses → transmitted by mealybugs
• Tospoviruses → transmitted by thrips
  These vectors play a key role in virus spread and epidemiology.

 

 

Question 49

Match List-I with List-II (Type of seed dormancy and cause):

List-I (Type of dormancy)	List-II (Cause)
(A) Physical dormancy	(I) Immature embryo
(B) Physiological dormancy	(II) Hard seed coat impermeable to water
(C) Morphological dormancy	(III) Presence of germination inhibitors
(D) Combinational dormancy	(IV) Both hard seed coat and embryo dormancy

Options:

1. (A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(IV)
2. (A)-(III), (B)-(II), (C)-(IV), (D)-(I)
3. (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
4. (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)

Correct Answer: 1

 

 

Question 50 

Statement (I): Parthenocarpy is the development of fruit without fertilization.
Statement (II): Parthenocarpic fruits are always seedless and do not require pollination.

Options:

1. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are correct.
2. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are incorrect.
3. Statement (I) is correct but Statement (II) is incorrect.
4. Statement (I) is incorrect but Statement (II) is correct.

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation:  Parthenocarpy is fruit development without fertilization, leading to seedless fruits (e.g., banana). It may occur naturally or be induced by hormones, and pollination may or may not be required depending on type

 

 

Question 51

Which of the following is a non-reducing sugar?

1. Glucose
2. Fructose
3. Sucrose
4. Maltose

Options:

1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation:  Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar because its glycosidic bond involves both anomeric carbons, leaving no free aldehyde or ketone group for reduction reactions, unlike glucose or maltose.

 

 

Question 52

Match List-I with List-II (Plant secondary metabolite and function):

List-I (Metabolite)	List-II (Function)
(A) Alkaloids	(I) Attract pollinators
(B) Flavonoids	(II) Defense against herbivores
(C) Tannins	(III) UV protection and pigmentation
(D) Carotenoids	(IV) Protein precipitation and anti-herbivory

Options:

1. (A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(IV), (D)-(I)
2. (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
3. (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)
4. (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation: 

• Alkaloids → defense against herbivores (toxic compounds)
• Flavonoids → UV protection and pigmentation
• Tannins → protein precipitation, anti-herbivory
• Carotenoids → attract pollinators and protect from photooxidation
• These secondary metabolites help plants in defense, attraction, and stress tolerance.

 

 

Question 53

Statement (I): C4 plants have a higher photosynthetic efficiency than C3 plants under high temperature and light conditions.
Statement (II): C4 plants concentrate CO2 in bundle sheath cells, reducing photorespiration.

Options:

1. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are correct.
2. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are incorrect.
3. Statement (I) is correct but Statement (II) is incorrect.
4. Statement (I) is incorrect but Statement (II) is correct.

Correct Answer: 1

 

 

Question 54

Assertion (A): Active dissemination and infection is observed in flagellated plant pathogens like Phytophthora.
Reason (R): Root exudates attract zoospores of Phytophthora.
Options:

1. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
2. Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A).
3. (A) is true but (R) is false.
4. (A) is false but (R) is true.

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation:  Phytophthora produces flagellated zoospores that actively move in water. These spores are chemotactically attracted to root exudates, enhancing infection efficiency. Thus, the reason correctly explains active dissemination.

 

 

Question 55

Assertion (A): Bacterial pathogens need wound or natural opening to enter the host.
Reason (R): Bacterial plant diseases are mostly caused by Gram negative group.
Options:

1. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
2. Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A).
3. (A) is true but (R) is false.
4. (A) is false but (R) is true.

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation:  Bacterial pathogens usually enter plants through natural openings (stomata, hydathodes) or wounds. While many plant-pathogenic bacteria belong to the Gram-negative group, this fact does not explain the mode of entry, so both statements are true but unrelated.

 

 

Question 56

Assertion (A): Plant viruses multiply within the plant cell exploiting cell machinery.
Reason (R): Plant viruses lack elaborate metabolic capabilities.
Options:

1. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
2. Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A).
3. (A) is true but (R) is false.
4. (A) is false but (R) is true.

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation:  Plant viruses are obligate intracellular parasites and cannot carry out metabolic activities on their own. They rely completely on the host cell’s enzymes, ribosomes, and energy systems for replication. Because they lack their own metabolic machinery, they must exploit host cell machinery, making the reason correctly explain the assertion.

 

 

Question 57

Match List-I with List-II (Plant disease and type of pathogen):

List-I (Disease)	List-II (Pathogen type)
(A) Black rust of wheat	(I) Bacterium
(B) Bacterial blight of rice	(II) Fungus
(C) Yellow vein mosaic of okra	(III) Virus
(D) Little leaf of brinjal	(IV) Phytoplasma

Options:

1. (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
2. (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
3. (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)
4. (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)

Correct Answer: 1

 

 

Question 58

Statement (I): Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plants is mediated by salicylic acid.
Statement (II): SAR provides broad-spectrum resistance against a wide range of pathogens.

Options:

1. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are correct.
2. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are incorrect.
3. Statement (I) is correct but Statement (II) is incorrect.
4. Statement (I) is incorrect but Statement (II) is correct.

Correct Answer: 1

 

 

Question 59

Statement (I): PMA Millardet discovered chemical method of plant disease management.
Statement (II): Millardet was a student of Anton de Bary.
Options:

1. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are correct.
2. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are incorrect.
3. Statement (I) is correct but Statement (II) is incorrect.
4. Statement (I) is incorrect but Statement (II) is correct.

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation:  PMA Millardet developed the Bordeaux mixture, the first successful chemical method for controlling plant diseases (downy mildew of grape). However, he was not a direct student of Anton de Bary, so Statement II is incorrect.

 

 

Question 60

Statement (I): Xa21 gene confers resistance to bacterial blight in rice.
Statement (II): Xa21 is a receptor like kinase type of receptor.
Options:

1. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are incorrect.
2. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are correct.
3. Statement (I) is correct but Statement (II) is incorrect.
4. Statement (I) is incorrect but Statement (II) is correct.

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation:  Xa21 is a well-known resistance (R) gene in rice that provides protection against bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae. It encodes a receptor-like kinase (RLK) that recognizes pathogen signals and activates plant defense responses, making both statements correct.

 

 

Question 61

Statement (I): Phytoplasmas are found in Phloem.
Statement (II): Phytoplasmas are transmitted by beetles.
Options:

1. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are correct.
2. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are incorrect.
3. Statement (I) is correct but Statement (II) is incorrect.
4. Statement (I) is incorrect but Statement (II) is correct.

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation:  Phytoplasmas are phloem-limited, wall-less bacteria-like organisms found in sieve tube elements. They are transmitted mainly by sap-sucking insects such as leafhoppers, not beetles, so Statement II is incorrect.

 

 

Question 62

Match List-I with List-II (Plant hormone and biosynthesis precursor):

List-I (Hormone)	List-II (Precursor)
(A) Auxin	(I) Methionine
(B) Ethylene	(II) Tryptophan
(C) Gibberellin	(III) Geranylgeranyl diphosphate
(D) Abscisic acid	(IV) Isopentenyl diphosphate (indirect)

Options:

1. (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
2. (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
3. (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)
4. (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)

Correct Answer: 1

 

 

Question 63

Which of the following is NOT a micronutrient for plants?

1. Zinc
2. Manganese
3. Magnesium
4. Boron

Options:

1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4

Correct Answer: 3

 

 

Question 64

Statement (I): Legume plants form symbiotic association with Rhizobium bacteria for nitrogen fixation.
Statement (II): The enzyme nitrogenase is highly sensitive to oxygen.

Options:

1. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are correct.
2. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are incorrect.
3. Statement (I) is correct but Statement (II) is incorrect.
4. Statement (I) is incorrect but Statement (II) is correct.

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation:  Leguminous plants form a symbiotic association with Rhizobium bacteria in root nodules, where atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) is converted into ammonia (NH₃) usable by plants. The enzyme nitrogenase carries out this process but is highly sensitive to oxygen, which can inactivate it. Hence, nodules contain leghemoglobin to regulate oxygen levels and protect nitrogenase, making both statements correct.

 

 

Question 65

Match List-I with List-II (Mycorrhiza type and characteristic):

List-I (Mycorrhiza type)	List-II (Characteristic)
(A) Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM)	(I) Forms mantle and Hartig net, mostly in trees
(B) Ectomycorrhiza (ECM)	(II) Forms arbuscules and vesicles inside root cortex cells
(C) Orchid mycorrhiza	(III) Forms pelotons, associated with orchids
(D) Ericoid mycorrhiza	(IV) Coiled hyphae, associated with Ericaceae family

Options:

1. (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
2. (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
3. (A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(IV)
4. (A)-(IV), (B)-(I), (C)-(II), (D)-(III)

Correct Answer: 1

• Explanation: 
• Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) → forms arbuscules and vesicles inside root cortical cells, enhancing nutrient uptake (especially phosphorus).
• Ectomycorrhiza (ECM) → forms mantle and Hartig net outside root cells, common in forest trees.
• Orchid mycorrhiza → forms pelotons and helps seed germination in orchids.
• Ericoid mycorrhiza → forms coiled hyphae, associated with plants of Ericaceae.
  These associations improve nutrient absorption and plant survival.

 

Question 66

Assertion (A): Plant viruses multiply within the plant cell exploiting cell machinery.
Reason (R): Plant viruses lack elaborate metabolic capabilities.

Options:

1. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
2. Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A).
3. (A) is true but (R) is false.
4. (A) is false but (R) is true.

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation:  Plant viruses lack metabolic machinery (enzymes, ribosomes) and depend entirely on host cells. They replicate by using host cellular machinery, which explains why they must live inside host cells, making the reason correctly explain the assertion.

 

Question 66

Match List-I with List-II (Microorganism and Important Trait):

List-I	List-II
(A) Trichoderma viridae	(I) Radiation tolerant bacteria
(B) Methanobacterium	(II) Biocontrol fungus
(C) Deinococcus	(III) Methanogenic archaea
(D) Frankia	(IV) Symbiotic actinobacteria

Options:

1. (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
2. (A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(IV)
3. (A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(IV), (D)-(I)
4. (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)

Correct Answer: 2

• Explanation: 
• Trichoderma viride → acts as a biocontrol fungus against plant pathogens
• Methanobacterium → methanogenic archaea producing methane
• Deinococcus → highly radiation-resistant bacteria
• Frankia → symbiotic actinobacteria forming nitrogen-fixing nodules
  These associations reflect ecological and functional diversity of microbes.

 

 

Question 67

Match List-I with List-II:

List-I	List-II
(A) Zygospores	(I) Endospore
(B) Endotoxin	(II) MoFe-Protein
(C) Dipicolinic acid	(III) Sexual spores
(D) Nitrogenase	(IV) Fe-Protein
(E) Dinitrogenase reductase	(V) Gram negative bacteria

 

Options:

1. (A)-(III), (B)-(V), (C)-(I), (D)-(II), (E)-(IV)
2. (A)-(III), (B)-(V), (C)-(II), (D)-(IV), (E)-(I)
3. (A)-(III), (B)-(V), (C)-(I), (D)-(IV), (E)-(II)
4. (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(II), (E)-(V)

Correct Answer: 1

• Explanation: 
• Zygospores → sexual spores
• Endotoxins → found in Gram-negative bacteria (lipopolysaccharides)
• Dipicolinic acid → component of bacterial endospores (heat resistance)
• Nitrogenase → MoFe-protein responsible for nitrogen fixation
• Dinitrogenase reductase → Fe-protein supplying electrons
• These are key biochemical and structural relationships.

 

 

Question 68

Match List-I with List-II (Type of seed dispersal agent and example):

List-I (Dispersal agent)	List-II (Example plant)
(A) Wind	(I) Coconut
(B) Water	(II) Dandelion
(C) Animal	(III) Balsam (touch-me-not)
(D) Mechanical (explosive)	(IV) Xanthium (cocklebur)

Options:

1. (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)
2. (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
3. (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
4. (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)

Correct Answer: 1

 

 

Question 69

Match List-I with List-II (Type of plant movement and example):

List-I (Movement type)	List-II (Example)
(A) Phototropism	(I) Root growing towards gravity
(B) Geotropism	(II) Shoot growing towards light
(C) Hydrotropism	(III) Growth towards water
(D) Thigmotropism	(IV) Tendrils coiling around support

Options:

1. (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
2. (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
3. (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)
4. (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)

Correct Answer: 1

 

 

Question 70

Statement (I): Photoperiodism is the response of plants to the relative lengths of day and night.
Statement (II): Long-day plants flower only when the day length is shorter than a critical length.

Options:

1. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are correct.
2. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are incorrect.
3. Statement (I) is correct but Statement (II) is incorrect.
4. Statement (I) is incorrect but Statement (II) is correct.

Correct Answer: 3

 

 

Question 71

Statement (I): Irradiation with UV light causes mutations in DNA.
Statement (II): UV light causes formation of covalent bond between thymine molecules on the same strand causing thymine dimerization.
Options:

1. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true.
2. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are false.
3. Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is false.
4. Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is true.

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation:  UV radiation induces DNA damage by forming thymine dimers, where adjacent thymine bases form covalent bonds, distorting the DNA structure. This leads to replication errors and mutations, confirming both statements.

 

 

Question 72

Fungi deriving their nutrition from dead biomass are called:

1. Endophytic fungi
2. Parasitic fungi
3. Saprophytic fungi
4. Symbiotic fungi

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation:  Saprophytic fungi obtain nutrients by decomposing dead organic matter, secreting enzymes that break complex compounds into simpler forms. They play a crucial role in nutrient cycling and decomposition in ecosystems.

 

 

Question 73

Statement (I): Oligotrophs can grow in environments with very low levels of nutrients.
Statement (II): Oligotrophs exhibit slow growth, low rate of metabolism and low population density as compared to copiotrophs.
Options:

1. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are false.
2. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true.
3. Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is false.
4. Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is true.

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation:  Oligotrophs are microorganisms adapted to nutrient-poor environments such as deep oceans or barren soils. They survive with very low nutrient availability, showing slow growth rates, reduced metabolic activity, and lower population density compared to copiotrophs, which thrive in nutrient-rich conditions. Hence, both statements are correct.

 

 

Question 74

Match List-I with List-II (Type of bacteria and their characteristic feature):

List-I (Bacteria)	List-II (Characteristic)
(A) Methanogens	(I) Produce methane under anaerobic conditions
(B) Halophiles	(II) Live in extreme saline conditions
(C) Thermophiles	(III) Grow optimally at high temperatures (50–80°C)
(D) Acidophiles	(IV) Grow optimally at low pH (below 4)

Options:

1. (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
2. (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
3. (A)-(I), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(IV)
4. (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)

Correct Answer: 1

 

 

Question 75

Statement (I): Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter are chemolithoautotrophic bacteria.
Statement (II): They obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic nitrogen compounds and fix CO₂ as their carbon source.

Options:

1. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are correct.
2. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are incorrect.
3. Statement (I) is correct but Statement (II) is incorrect.
4. Statement (I) is incorrect but Statement (II) is correct.

Correct Answer: 1

 

 

Question 76

Which of the following is NOT a source of biofuel production?

1. Sugar
2. Starch
3. Lignocellulosic biomass
4. Vegetable oil

Options:

1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4

Explanation:  (The document shows A4:4, meaning option 4 is the chosen answer. However, all four are actually sources of biofuel. The question may have a trick or misprint. Based on common knowledge, all are valid, but if one must be picked, vegetable oil is used for biodiesel, not bioethanol. But the key says 4.)

Given Answer: 4

 

 

Question 77

Which of the following have the ability to convert nitrite to nitrate?
(A) Nitrobacter
(B) Nitrosomonas
(C) Nitrosospira
(D) Nitrococcus
Options:

1. (A), (B) and (D) only
2. (A) and (D) only
3. (A), (C) and (D) only
4. (B) and (C) only

Correct Answer: 2

• Explanation: 
• Nitrification occurs in two steps:
• Ammonia → Nitrite (by Nitrosomonas, Nitrosospira)
• Nitrite → Nitrate (by Nitrobacter, Nitrococcus)
• Thus, only organisms that oxidize nitrite to nitrate are Nitrobacter and Nitrococcus.

 

 

Question 78

Match List-I with List-II (ICAR Institutes and Location):

List-I	List-II
(A) National Dairy Research Institute	(I) Nagpur, Maharashtra
(B) Central Arid Zone Research Institute	(II) Bangalore, Karnataka
(C) Central Institute of Cotton Research	(III) Jodhpur, Rajasthan
(D) National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects	(IV) Hyderabad, Telangana
(E) Indian Institute of Millets Research	(v) Karnal, Haryana

Options:

1. (A)-(I), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(V), (E)-(IV)
2. (A)-(V), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(IV), (E)-(I)
3. (A)-(V), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(II), (E)-(IV)
4. (A)-(V), (B)-(I), (C)-(II), (D)-(III), (E)-(IV)

Correct Answer: 3

Explanation: 

• NDRI → Karnal (Haryana)
• CAZRI → Jodhpur (Rajasthan)
• CICR → Nagpur (Maharashtra)
•  NBAII → Bangalore (Karnataka)
• IIMR → Hyderabad (Telangana)
  These ICAR institutes are specialized research centers located across India based on crop/ecological focus.

 

 

Question 79

Who has been dubbed as the ‘Millet queen of India’ in 2023?

1. Lahari Bai
2. Manohari Bai
3. Lal Bai
4. Lakshmi Bai

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation: Lahari Bai was recognized as the “Millet Queen of India” for her efforts in preserving indigenous millet varieties and promoting their cultivation, contributing to biodiversity and nutritional security.

 

 

Question 80 

The first amino acid in any polypeptide chain of eukaryotes is:

1. Leucine
2. Methionine
3. Iso-Leucine
4. Lysine

Correct Answer: 2

Explanation: In eukaryotes, protein synthesis starts with the codon AUG, which codes for methionine. This amino acid acts as the initiator amino acid, marking the beginning of the polypeptide chain during translation.