Geographical Distribution of Oilseeds and Vegetables

1. Oilseeds

(a) Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)

• Origin: Brazil/South America.
• Global distribution: China, India, Nigeria, USA, Sudan.
• India: Gujarat (largest), Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra.
• Climate: Tropical to subtropical, 25–30°C, 50–75 cm rainfall.

(b) Rapeseed–Mustard (Brassica juncea, B. rapa, B. napus)

• Origin: Mediterranean region.
• Global distribution: Canada (canola), China, India, Germany, France.
• India: Rajasthan (leading), UP, MP, Haryana, Gujarat.
• Climate: Cool-season crop, 10–25°C.

(c) Soybean (Glycine max)

• Origin: North-East China.
• Global distribution: USA, Brazil, Argentina, China, India.
• India: Madhya Pradesh (“Soy State”), Maharashtra, Rajasthan.
• Climate: Warm season, 20–30°C.

(d) Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)

• Origin: North America.
• Global distribution: Russia, Ukraine, Argentina, Romania, Turkey.
• India: Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab.
• Climate: Cool to warm, 20–25°C.

(e) Sesame (Sesamum indicum)

• Origin: Africa/India.
• Global distribution: India, Myanmar, Sudan, China, Tanzania.
• India: Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh.
• Climate: Warm-season crop, drought tolerant.

(f) Linseed (Flax, Linum usitatissimum)

• Origin: Mediterranean region.
• Global distribution: Canada (largest), China, Russia, India.
• India: Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar.

(g) Castor (Ricinus communis)

• Origin: Africa.
• Global distribution: India (largest), China, Brazil, Thailand.
• India: Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Rajasthan.

(h) Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius)

• Origin: Abyssinia (Ethiopia).
• Global distribution: India, Mexico, USA, Ethiopia.
• India: Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh.

2. Vegetables

(a) Potato (Solanum tuberosum)

• Origin: South America (Peru/Bolivia).
• Global distribution: China (largest), India, Russia, USA, Ukraine.
• India: Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh.

(b) Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)

• Origin: Peru/Ecuador (Andean region).
• Global distribution: China, India, USA, Turkey, Egypt.
• India: Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Odisha, Gujarat.

(c) Onion (Allium cepa)

• Origin: Central Asia (Iran–Pakistan region).
• Global distribution: China, India, USA, Turkey, Egypt.
• India: Maharashtra (largest), Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat.

(d) Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata)

• Origin: Mediterranean.
• Global distribution: China, India, Russia, Japan, South Korea.
• India: West Bengal, Odisha, Bihar, Assam.

(e) Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis)

• Origin: Mediterranean.
• Global distribution: China, India, Italy, France, USA.
• India: Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Odisha.

(f) Brinjal/Eggplant (Solanum melongena)

• Origin: India.
• Global distribution: India, China, Bangladesh, Philippines.
• India: West Bengal, Odisha, Bihar, Karnataka.

(g) Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)

• Origin: Ethiopia/Africa.
• Global distribution: India (largest), Nigeria, Sudan, Pakistan.
• India: Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Odisha, West Bengal.

(h) Chillies (Capsicum annuum)

• Origin: Central America (Mexico).
• Global distribution: India, China, Mexico, Turkey, Indonesia.
• India: Andhra Pradesh (largest), Telangana, Karnataka, Maharashtra.

(i) Peas (Pisum sativum)

• Origin: Mediterranean/West Asia.
• Global distribution: Canada, Russia, China, India.
• India: Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Assam, West Bengal.

3. Quick Summary (Exam Revision Table)