Bio-fertilizers: classification and characteristics
Introduction
- Modern sustainable agriculture focuses on improving productivity while maintaining soil health and minimizing environmental pollution.
- Bio-fertilizers play a vital role in this by enhancing nutrient availability to crops through biological processes.
Definition
- Bio-fertilizers are living microorganisms which, when applied to seed, plant surface, or soil, promote plant growth by increasing the availability or supply of primary nutrients to the host plant.
- According to the National Project on Organic Farming (NPOF, India):
- “Bio-fertilizers are products containing carrier-based (solid or liquid) living microorganisms which are agriculturally useful in terms of nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, or nutrient mobilization.”
Importance of Bio-fertilizers
- Enhance soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, and mobilization of nutrients.
- Reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers.
- Improve soil microbial activity and soil structure.
- Promote eco-friendly and sustainable farming.
- Cost-effective and safe for the environment.
- Increase nutrient uptake and crop yield naturally.
Mechanism of Bio-fertilizers
Bio-fertilizers act through various mechanisms:
- Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) – Conversion of atmospheric N₂ into plant-usable form (NH₃).
- Phosphorus Solubilization – Conversion of insoluble P (like rock phosphate) into soluble forms.
- Phosphorus Mobilization – Mycorrhizal fungi help in mobilizing P from deeper soil layers.
- Production of Growth Hormones – Indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellins, cytokinins.
- Decomposition of Organic Matter – Enhances nutrient release.
- Disease Suppression – By producing antibiotics or competing with pathogens.
Classification of Bio-fertilizers
- Bio-fertilizers are classified based on the type of nutrient they fix or mobilize, and the microorganisms involved.
- Nitrogen-Fixing Bio-fertilizers
|
Type |
Microorganism |
Symbiotic/Free-living |
Host/Crop |
|
Rhizobium |
Rhizobium spp. |
Symbiotic |
Leguminous crops (pulses, clovers, beans, peas) |
|
Azospirillum |
Azospirillum brasilense, A. lipoferum |
Associative |
Cereals (maize, wheat, sorghum, millets) |
|
Azotobacter |
Azotobacter chroococcum, A. vinelandii |
Free-living |
Non-legumes (cotton, maize, vegetables) |
|
Blue-Green Algae (BGA) |
Anabaena, Nostoc, Aulosira |
Free-living / Symbiotic |
Wetland rice fields |
|
Azolla-Anabaena |
Azolla pinnata + Anabaena azollae |
Symbiotic (fern + cyanobacteria) |
Rice fields |
|
Frankia |
Frankia spp. |
Symbiotic |
Non-legume trees (Alnus, Casuarina) |
- Phosphorus-Solubilizing and Mobilizing Bio-fertilizers
|
Type |
Microorganism |
Function |
Host/Crop |
|
Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) |
Bacillus megaterium, Pseudomonas striata |
Solubilize insoluble phosphates (Ca, Fe, Al phosphates) |
All crops |
|
Phosphate Solubilizing Fungi (PSF) |
Aspergillus awamori, Penicillium spp. |
Produce organic acids to dissolve P |
All crops |
|
Mycorrhiza (VAM – Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza) |
Glomus, Gigaspora, Acaulospora |
Mobilize P, Zn, Cu, and water from deeper layers |
Cereals, fruits, trees |
- Bio-fertilizers for Other Nutrients
|
Nutrient |
Microorganism |
Function |
|
Sulphur-oxidizing bacteria |
Thiobacillus thiooxidans |
Converts elemental S → sulphate (SO₄²⁻) |
|
Zinc-solubilizing bacteria |
Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens |
Solubilize Zn compounds |
|
Potassium-mobilizing bacteria (KMB) |
Frateuria aurantia |
Mobilize K from mica, feldspar |
Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
- Include beneficial bacteria that colonize the rhizosphere and promote plant growth through:
- Nutrient solubilization.
- Hormone production (IAA, GA, Cytokinins).
- Antagonism against pathogens.
- Stress tolerance.
Examples: Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis, Serratia marcescens.
- Organic Waste Decomposers
|
Type |
Microorganism |
Function |
|
Cellulose Decomposers |
Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Chaetomium |
Break down crop residues into compost |
|
Bio-composting cultures |
Trichoderma viride, Pleurotus, Phanerochaete |
Speed up decomposition and nutrient recycling |
- Characteristics of an Efficient Bio-fertilizer
An ideal bio-fertilizer should possess the following qualities:
- High microbial population (at least 10⁷–10⁹ viable cells/g or ml).
- Strain specificity to particular crops or soil conditions.
- High survival rate under storage and field conditions.
- Non-toxic and eco-friendly to plants, animals, and humans.
- Quick establishment and multiplication in the rhizosphere.
- Compatibility with fertilizers and pesticides.
- Efficient nutrient fixation or solubilization ability.
- Longer shelf life (preferably 6–12 months).
- Carrier material should maintain microbial viability (e.g., peat, lignite, charcoal).
- Easy application (seed treatment, soil application, or root dipping).
- Forms of Bio-fertilizers
|
Form |
Description |
Advantages |
|
Solid-based (carrier-based) |
Peat, lignite, compost, charcoal |
Easy to apply, low cost |
|
Liquid-based |
Nutrient solution with stabilizers and protectants |
Higher shelf life (up to 2 years), better microbial count |
|
Granular formulations |
Used for soil application |
Uniform distribution and slow release |
- Methods of Application
|
Method |
Description |
Used For |
|
Seed treatment |
Seeds coated with bio-fertilizer slurry before sowing |
Rhizobium, Azospirillum, PSB |
|
Seedling root dip |
Roots dipped in bio-fertilizer solution before transplanting |
Paddy, vegetables |
|
Soil application |
Mixed with compost and applied to soil |
Azotobacter, PSB, VAM |
|
Foliar spray |
Sprayed on foliage for quick response |
PGPR, Liquid formulations |
- Advantages of Bio-fertilizers
- Improve soil fertility and structure.
- Reduce chemical fertilizer requirement by 25–50%.
- Increase yield by 10–30%.
- Maintain soil microbial balance.
- Reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
- Enhance soil organic carbon and water-holding capacity.
- Support sustainable and organic farming systems.
- Limitations
- Require proper storage and handling.
- Sensitive to high temperature and sunlight.
- Effectiveness depends on soil type, pH, and moisture.
- Slower in response compared to chemical fertilizers.
- Specific to crops and ecological conditions.
- Examples of Commercial Bio-fertilizer Products in India
|
Product Name |
Type |
Company/Agency |
|
Bio-NPK |
Mixed culture (N fixers + P solubilizers + K mobilizers) |
ICAR-NBAIM, Mau |
|
Rhizobium Culture |
N-fixer |
Various State Agricultural Universities |
|
Phospho-rich Biofertilizer (PRB) |
PSB + compost |
NCOF, Ghaziabad |
|
Azospirillum Biofertilizer |
N-fixer |
TNAU, Coimbatore |
|
Azolla |
N-fixer |
Wetland rice fields (manual cultivation) |
Bio-fertilizers: Classification and Characteristics (जैव उर्वरक: वर्गीकरण एवं विशेषताएँ)
Introduction (परिचय)
- आधुनिक टिकाऊ कृषि (sustainable agriculture) का उद्देश्य उत्पादकता बढ़ाते हुए मिट्टी के स्वास्थ्य को बनाए रखना और पर्यावरण प्रदूषण को कम करना है।
- Bio-fertilizers इस प्रक्रिया में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाते हैं क्योंकि ये जैविक प्रक्रियाओं के माध्यम से फसलों के लिए पोषक तत्त्वों की उपलब्धता बढ़ाते हैं।
Definition (परिभाषा)
- Bio-fertilizers वे living microorganisms हैं जिन्हें बीज, पौध सतह या मिट्टी में डालने पर वे पौधों की वृद्धि को बढ़ाते हैं, क्योंकि ये प्राथमिक पोषक तत्त्वों की उपलब्धता को बढ़ाते या सुनिश्चित करते हैं।
- NPOF, भारत के अनुसार: “Bio-fertilizers ऐसे carrier-based (solid या liquid) उत्पाद हैं जिनमें उपयोगी सूक्ष्मजीव होते हैं और जो nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization या nutrient mobilization जैसे कार्य करते हैं।”
Importance of Bio-fertilizers (महत्व)
- जैविक nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, nutrient mobilization से मृदा उर्वरता बढ़ाना।
- रासायनिक उर्वरकों पर निर्भरता कम करना।
- मृदा सूक्ष्मजीव गतिविधि और संरचना में सुधार।
- पर्यावरण-अनुकूल एवं टिकाऊ खेती को बढ़ावा देना।
- लागत कम, उपयोग में सुरक्षित।
- प्राकृतिक रूप से पोषक तत्त्व अवशोषण एवं उपज बढ़ाना।
Mechanism of Bio-fertilizers (कार्य तंत्र)
Bio-fertilizers निम्न तंत्रों से पौध पोषण में सुधार करते हैं:
- Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF): वायुमंडलीय N₂ को NH₃ में परिवर्तित करना।
- Phosphorus Solubilization: अघुलनशील P को घुलनशील रूप में बदलना।
- Phosphorus Mobilization: Mycorrhizal fungi द्वारा गहरे स्तर से P उपलब्ध कराना।
- Growth Hormone Production: IAA, GA, Cytokinins।
- Decomposition of Organic Matter: पोषक तत्त्वों की उपलब्धता बढ़ाना।
- Disease Suppression: Antibiotics बनाकर या प्रतिस्पर्धा द्वारा रोगजनकों को रोकना।
Classification of Bio-fertilizers (जैव उर्वरकों का वर्गीकरण)
- Nitrogen-Fixing Bio-fertilizers (नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण करने वाले जैव उर्वरक)
|
Type |
Microorganism |
Symbiotic / Free-living |
Host/Crop |
|
Rhizobium |
Rhizobium spp. |
Symbiotic |
Legumes (pulses, peas, beans) |
|
Azospirillum |
A. brasilense, A. lipoferum |
Associative |
Cereals (maize, sorghum, wheat) |
|
Azotobacter |
A. chroococcum |
Free-living |
Non-legumes (cotton, maize, vegetables) |
|
Blue-Green Algae (BGA) |
Anabaena, Nostoc |
Free-living / Symbiotic |
Rice fields |
|
Azolla-Anabaena |
Azolla pinnata + Anabaena azollae |
Symbiotic |
Rice |
|
Frankia |
Frankia spp. |
Symbiotic |
Trees (Alnus, Casuarina) |
- Phosphorus-Solubilizing & Mobilizing Bio-fertilizers
(फॉस्फोरस घुलनशील एवं गतिशील करने वाले जैव उर्वरक)
|
Type |
Microorganism |
Function |
Crops |
|
PSB (Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria) |
Bacillus megaterium, Pseudomonas striata |
Insoluble P को घुलनशील बनाते हैं |
सभी फसलें |
|
PSF (Phosphate Solubilizing Fungi) |
Aspergillus, Penicillium |
Organic acids बनाकर P को घुलनशील करते हैं |
सभी फसलें |
|
Mycorrhiza (VAM) |
Glomus, Gigaspora |
P, Zn, Cu और पानी को mobilize करते हैं |
Cereals, fruits, trees |
- Bio-fertilizers for Other Nutrients (अन्य पोषक तत्त्वों के लिए)
|
Nutrient |
Microorganism |
Function |
|
Sulphur |
Thiobacillus thiooxidans |
Elemental S → SO₄²⁻ |
|
Zinc |
Bacillus subtilis |
Zn-solubilization |
|
Potassium (KMB) |
Frateuria aurantia |
Mica, feldspar से K mobilization |
- Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
- Nutrient solubilization
- Hormone production (IAA, GA, Cytokinins)
- Pathogen antagonism
- Stress tolerance
Examples: Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis, Serratia marcescens
- Organic Waste Decomposers (कचरा अपघटक)
|
Type |
Microorganism |
Function |
|
Cellulose Decomposers |
Trichoderma, Aspergillus |
Crop residues को तोड़कर compost बनाना |
|
Bio-composting Cultures |
T. viride, Pleurotus |
अपघटन और पोषक पुनर्चक्रण तेज करना |
Characteristics of an Efficient Bio-fertilizer
एक आदर्श Bio-fertilizer में निम्न गुण होने चाहिए:
- उच्च microbial count (10⁷–10⁹ viable cells/g या ml)।
- Crop- और soil-specific strains।
- Storage एवं field में उच्च survival rate।
- Non-toxic और eco-friendly।
- Rhizosphere में तेजी से बढ़ने की क्षमता।
- Fertilizers तथा pesticides के साथ compatibility।
- उच्च fixation/solubilization क्षमता।
- 6–12 महीने shelf life।
- Carrier materials (peat, lignite, charcoal) में उच्च viability।
- Seed treatment, soil application, root dipping में उपयोग में सरल।
Forms of Bio-fertilizers (जैव उर्वरकों के रूप)
|
Form |
Description |
Advantages |
|
Solid-based |
Peat, lignite, compost |
सरल व सस्ता |
|
Liquid-based |
Nutrient solution + stabilizers |
Higher shelf life (2 years), high microbial count |
|
Granular |
Soil application हेतु |
Uniform distribution, slow release |
Methods of Application (प्रयोग की विधियाँ)
|
Method |
Description |
Used For |
|
Seed treatment |
बीजों को slurry से कोट करना |
Rhizobium, Azospirillum, PSB |
|
Root dip |
पौधों की जड़ों को घोल में डुबाना |
Paddy, vegetables |
|
Soil application |
कम्पोस्ट के साथ मिलाकर मिट्टी में डालना |
Azotobacter, PSB, VAM |
|
Foliar spray |
पत्तियों पर छिड़काव |
PGPR, liquid cultures |
Advantages of Bio-fertilizers (लाभ)
- Soil fertility एवं soil structure में सुधार।
- 25–50% तक chemical fertilizer उपयोग कम।
- 10–30% उपज वृद्धि।
- Soil microbial balance बनाए रखना।
- Greenhouse gas emissions में कमी।
- Soil organic carbon एवं water-holding capacity बढ़ना।
- जैविक एवं टिकाऊ खेती में सहायक।
Limitations (सीमाएँ)
- Storage एवं handling में सावधानी आवश्यक।
- High temperature और sunlight से संवेदनशील।
- Soil type, pH, moisture पर प्रभाव निर्भर।
- असर chemical fertilizers की तुलना में धीमा।
- Crop- एवं region-specific।
Commercial Bio-fertilizer Products in India (भारत में उपलब्ध जैव उर्वरक उत्पाद)
|
Product Name |
Type |
Agency |
|
Bio-NPK |
Mixed culture |
ICAR-NBAIM |
|
Rhizobium Culture |
N-fixer |
SAUs |
|
PRB (Phospho-rich Biofertilizer) |
PSB + compost |
NCOF Ghaziabad |
|
Azospirillum Biofertilizer |
N-fixer |
TNAU Coimbatore |
|
Azolla |
N-fixer |
Rice fields |
