Course Content
Rural Sociology and Educational Psychology 2 (2+0)
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B. Sc. Agriculture (Hons.) Ist. Semester (Six Deam Commitee of ICAR)

Bio-fertilizers: classification and characteristics

 

Introduction

  • Modern sustainable agriculture focuses on improving productivity while maintaining soil health and minimizing environmental pollution.
  • Bio-fertilizers play a vital role in this by enhancing nutrient availability to crops through biological processes.

 

Definition

  • Bio-fertilizers are living microorganisms which, when applied to seed, plant surface, or soil, promote plant growth by increasing the availability or supply of primary nutrients to the host plant.
  • According to the National Project on Organic Farming (NPOF, India):
  • “Bio-fertilizers are products containing carrier-based (solid or liquid) living microorganisms which are agriculturally useful in terms of nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, or nutrient mobilization.”

 

Importance of Bio-fertilizers

  • Enhance soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, and mobilization of nutrients.
  • Reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers.
  • Improve soil microbial activity and soil structure.
  • Promote eco-friendly and sustainable farming.
  • Cost-effective and safe for the environment.
  • Increase nutrient uptake and crop yield naturally.

 

Mechanism of Bio-fertilizers

Bio-fertilizers act through various mechanisms:

  • Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) – Conversion of atmospheric N₂ into plant-usable form (NH₃).
  • Phosphorus Solubilization – Conversion of insoluble P (like rock phosphate) into soluble forms.
  • Phosphorus Mobilization – Mycorrhizal fungi help in mobilizing P from deeper soil layers.
  • Production of Growth Hormones – Indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellins, cytokinins.
  • Decomposition of Organic Matter – Enhances nutrient release.
  • Disease Suppression – By producing antibiotics or competing with pathogens.

 

Classification of Bio-fertilizers

  • Bio-fertilizers are classified based on the type of nutrient they fix or mobilize, and the microorganisms involved.
  • Nitrogen-Fixing Bio-fertilizers

Type

Microorganism

Symbiotic/Free-living

Host/Crop

Rhizobium

Rhizobium spp.

Symbiotic

Leguminous crops (pulses, clovers, beans, peas)

Azospirillum

Azospirillum brasilense, A. lipoferum

Associative

Cereals (maize, wheat, sorghum, millets)

Azotobacter

Azotobacter chroococcum, A. vinelandii

Free-living

Non-legumes (cotton, maize, vegetables)

Blue-Green Algae (BGA)

Anabaena, Nostoc, Aulosira

Free-living / Symbiotic

Wetland rice fields

Azolla-Anabaena

Azolla pinnata + Anabaena azollae

Symbiotic (fern + cyanobacteria)

Rice fields

Frankia

Frankia spp.

Symbiotic

Non-legume trees (Alnus, Casuarina)

 

  • Phosphorus-Solubilizing and Mobilizing Bio-fertilizers

Type

Microorganism

Function

Host/Crop

Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB)

Bacillus megaterium, Pseudomonas striata

Solubilize insoluble phosphates (Ca, Fe, Al phosphates)

All crops

Phosphate Solubilizing Fungi (PSF)

Aspergillus awamori, Penicillium spp.

Produce organic acids to dissolve P

All crops

Mycorrhiza (VAM – Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza)

Glomus, Gigaspora, Acaulospora

Mobilize P, Zn, Cu, and water from deeper layers

Cereals, fruits, trees

 

  • Bio-fertilizers for Other Nutrients

Nutrient

Microorganism

Function

Sulphur-oxidizing bacteria

Thiobacillus thiooxidans

Converts elemental S → sulphate (SO₄²⁻)

Zinc-solubilizing bacteria

Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens

Solubilize Zn compounds

Potassium-mobilizing bacteria (KMB)

Frateuria aurantia

Mobilize K from mica, feldspar

 

Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)

  • Include beneficial bacteria that colonize the rhizosphere and promote plant growth through:
    • Nutrient solubilization.
    • Hormone production (IAA, GA, Cytokinins).
    • Antagonism against pathogens.
    • Stress tolerance.

Examples: Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis, Serratia marcescens.

 

  • Organic Waste Decomposers

Type

Microorganism

Function

Cellulose Decomposers

Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Chaetomium

Break down crop residues into compost

Bio-composting cultures

Trichoderma viride, Pleurotus, Phanerochaete

Speed up decomposition and nutrient recycling

 

  1. Characteristics of an Efficient Bio-fertilizer

An ideal bio-fertilizer should possess the following qualities:

  • High microbial population (at least 10⁷–10⁹ viable cells/g or ml).
  • Strain specificity to particular crops or soil conditions.
  • High survival rate under storage and field conditions.
  • Non-toxic and eco-friendly to plants, animals, and humans.
  • Quick establishment and multiplication in the rhizosphere.
  • Compatibility with fertilizers and pesticides.
  • Efficient nutrient fixation or solubilization ability.
  • Longer shelf life (preferably 6–12 months).
  • Carrier material should maintain microbial viability (e.g., peat, lignite, charcoal).
  • Easy application (seed treatment, soil application, or root dipping).

 

  1. Forms of Bio-fertilizers

Form

Description

Advantages

Solid-based (carrier-based)

Peat, lignite, compost, charcoal

Easy to apply, low cost

Liquid-based

Nutrient solution with stabilizers and protectants

Higher shelf life (up to 2 years), better microbial count

Granular formulations

Used for soil application

Uniform distribution and slow release

 

  1. Methods of Application

Method

Description

Used For

Seed treatment

Seeds coated with bio-fertilizer slurry before sowing

Rhizobium, Azospirillum, PSB

Seedling root dip

Roots dipped in bio-fertilizer solution before transplanting

Paddy, vegetables

Soil application

Mixed with compost and applied to soil

Azotobacter, PSB, VAM

Foliar spray

Sprayed on foliage for quick response

PGPR, Liquid formulations

 

  1. Advantages of Bio-fertilizers
  • Improve soil fertility and structure.
  • Reduce chemical fertilizer requirement by 25–50%.
  • Increase yield by 10–30%.
  • Maintain soil microbial balance.
  • Reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
  • Enhance soil organic carbon and water-holding capacity.
  • Support sustainable and organic farming systems.

 

  1. Limitations
  • Require proper storage and handling.
  • Sensitive to high temperature and sunlight.
  • Effectiveness depends on soil type, pH, and moisture.
  • Slower in response compared to chemical fertilizers.
  • Specific to crops and ecological conditions.

 

  1. Examples of Commercial Bio-fertilizer Products in India

Product Name

Type

Company/Agency

Bio-NPK

Mixed culture (N fixers + P solubilizers + K mobilizers)

ICAR-NBAIM, Mau

Rhizobium Culture

N-fixer

Various State Agricultural Universities

Phospho-rich Biofertilizer (PRB)

PSB + compost

NCOF, Ghaziabad

Azospirillum Biofertilizer

N-fixer

TNAU, Coimbatore

Azolla

N-fixer

Wetland rice fields (manual cultivation)

 

 

Bio-fertilizers: Classification and Characteristics (जैव उर्वरक: वर्गीकरण एवं विशेषताएँ)

Introduction (परिचय)

  • आधुनिक टिकाऊ कृषि (sustainable agriculture) का उद्देश्य उत्पादकता बढ़ाते हुए मिट्टी के स्वास्थ्य को बनाए रखना और पर्यावरण प्रदूषण को कम करना है।
  • Bio-fertilizers इस प्रक्रिया में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाते हैं क्योंकि ये जैविक प्रक्रियाओं के माध्यम से फसलों के लिए पोषक तत्त्वों की उपलब्धता बढ़ाते हैं।

 

Definition (परिभाषा)

  • Bio-fertilizers वे living microorganisms हैं जिन्हें बीज, पौध सतह या मिट्टी में डालने पर वे पौधों की वृद्धि को बढ़ाते हैं, क्योंकि ये प्राथमिक पोषक तत्त्वों की उपलब्धता को बढ़ाते या सुनिश्चित करते हैं।
  • NPOF, भारत के अनुसार: “Bio-fertilizers ऐसे carrier-based (solid या liquid) उत्पाद हैं जिनमें उपयोगी सूक्ष्मजीव होते हैं और जो nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization या nutrient mobilization जैसे कार्य करते हैं।”

 

Importance of Bio-fertilizers (महत्व)

  • जैविक nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, nutrient mobilization से मृदा उर्वरता बढ़ाना।
  • रासायनिक उर्वरकों पर निर्भरता कम करना।
  • मृदा सूक्ष्मजीव गतिविधि और संरचना में सुधार।
  • पर्यावरण-अनुकूल एवं टिकाऊ खेती को बढ़ावा देना।
  • लागत कम, उपयोग में सुरक्षित।
  • प्राकृतिक रूप से पोषक तत्त्व अवशोषण एवं उपज बढ़ाना।

 

Mechanism of Bio-fertilizers (कार्य तंत्र)

Bio-fertilizers निम्न तंत्रों से पौध पोषण में सुधार करते हैं:

  • Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF): वायुमंडलीय N₂ को NH₃ में परिवर्तित करना।
  • Phosphorus Solubilization: अघुलनशील P को घुलनशील रूप में बदलना।
  • Phosphorus Mobilization: Mycorrhizal fungi द्वारा गहरे स्तर से P उपलब्ध कराना।
  • Growth Hormone Production: IAA, GA, Cytokinins।
  • Decomposition of Organic Matter: पोषक तत्त्वों की उपलब्धता बढ़ाना।
  • Disease Suppression: Antibiotics बनाकर या प्रतिस्पर्धा द्वारा रोगजनकों को रोकना।

 

Classification of Bio-fertilizers (जैव उर्वरकों का वर्गीकरण)

  1. Nitrogen-Fixing Bio-fertilizers (नाइट्रोजन स्थिरीकरण करने वाले जैव उर्वरक)

Type

Microorganism

Symbiotic / Free-living

Host/Crop

Rhizobium

Rhizobium spp.

Symbiotic

Legumes (pulses, peas, beans)

Azospirillum

A. brasilense, A. lipoferum

Associative

Cereals (maize, sorghum, wheat)

Azotobacter

A. chroococcum

Free-living

Non-legumes (cotton, maize, vegetables)

Blue-Green Algae (BGA)

Anabaena, Nostoc

Free-living / Symbiotic

Rice fields

Azolla-Anabaena

Azolla pinnata + Anabaena azollae

Symbiotic

Rice

Frankia

Frankia spp.

Symbiotic

Trees (Alnus, Casuarina)

 

  1. Phosphorus-Solubilizing & Mobilizing Bio-fertilizers

(फॉस्फोरस घुलनशील एवं गतिशील करने वाले जैव उर्वरक)

Type

Microorganism

Function

Crops

PSB (Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria)

Bacillus megaterium, Pseudomonas striata

Insoluble P को घुलनशील बनाते हैं

सभी फसलें

PSF (Phosphate Solubilizing Fungi)

Aspergillus, Penicillium

Organic acids बनाकर P को घुलनशील करते हैं

सभी फसलें

Mycorrhiza (VAM)

Glomus, Gigaspora

P, Zn, Cu और पानी को mobilize करते हैं

Cereals, fruits, trees

 

  1. Bio-fertilizers for Other Nutrients (अन्य पोषक तत्त्वों के लिए)

Nutrient

Microorganism

Function

Sulphur

Thiobacillus thiooxidans

Elemental S → SO₄²⁻

Zinc

Bacillus subtilis

Zn-solubilization

Potassium (KMB)

Frateuria aurantia

Mica, feldspar से K mobilization

 

  1. Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
  • Nutrient solubilization
  • Hormone production (IAA, GA, Cytokinins)
  • Pathogen antagonism
  • Stress tolerance

Examples: Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis, Serratia marcescens

 

  1. Organic Waste Decomposers (कचरा अपघटक)

Type

Microorganism

Function

Cellulose Decomposers

Trichoderma, Aspergillus

Crop residues को तोड़कर compost बनाना

Bio-composting Cultures

T. viride, Pleurotus

अपघटन और पोषक पुनर्चक्रण तेज करना

 

Characteristics of an Efficient Bio-fertilizer

एक आदर्श Bio-fertilizer में निम्न गुण होने चाहिए:

  • उच्च microbial count (10⁷–10⁹ viable cells/g या ml)।
  • Crop- और soil-specific strains।
  • Storage एवं field में उच्च survival rate।
  • Non-toxic और eco-friendly।
  • Rhizosphere में तेजी से बढ़ने की क्षमता।
  • Fertilizers तथा pesticides के साथ compatibility।
  • उच्च fixation/solubilization क्षमता।
  • 6–12 महीने shelf life।
  • Carrier materials (peat, lignite, charcoal) में उच्च viability।
  • Seed treatment, soil application, root dipping में उपयोग में सरल।

 

Forms of Bio-fertilizers (जैव उर्वरकों के रूप)

Form

Description

Advantages

Solid-based

Peat, lignite, compost

सरल व सस्ता

Liquid-based

Nutrient solution + stabilizers

Higher shelf life (2 years), high microbial count

Granular

Soil application हेतु

Uniform distribution, slow release

 

Methods of Application (प्रयोग की विधियाँ)

Method

Description

Used For

Seed treatment

बीजों को slurry से कोट करना

Rhizobium, Azospirillum, PSB

Root dip

पौधों की जड़ों को घोल में डुबाना

Paddy, vegetables

Soil application

कम्पोस्ट के साथ मिलाकर मिट्टी में डालना

Azotobacter, PSB, VAM

Foliar spray

पत्तियों पर छिड़काव

PGPR, liquid cultures

Advantages of Bio-fertilizers (लाभ)

  • Soil fertility एवं soil structure में सुधार।
  • 25–50% तक chemical fertilizer उपयोग कम।
  • 10–30% उपज वृद्धि।
  • Soil microbial balance बनाए रखना।
  • Greenhouse gas emissions में कमी।
  • Soil organic carbon एवं water-holding capacity बढ़ना।
  • जैविक एवं टिकाऊ खेती में सहायक।

 

Limitations (सीमाएँ)

  • Storage एवं handling में सावधानी आवश्यक।
  • High temperature और sunlight से संवेदनशील।
  • Soil type, pH, moisture पर प्रभाव निर्भर।
  • असर chemical fertilizers की तुलना में धीमा।
  • Crop- एवं region-specific।

 

Commercial Bio-fertilizer Products in India (भारत में उपलब्ध जैव उर्वरक उत्पाद)

Product Name

Type

Agency

Bio-NPK

Mixed culture

ICAR-NBAIM

Rhizobium Culture

N-fixer

SAUs

PRB (Phospho-rich Biofertilizer)

PSB + compost

NCOF Ghaziabad

Azospirillum Biofertilizer

N-fixer

TNAU Coimbatore

Azolla

N-fixer

Rice fields

 

 

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