Introduction

Seeds are the foundation of agriculture, acting as the starting point for crop production and ensuring food security. They contain the genetic potential of crop species and are the primary means of plant propagation. The use of high-quality seeds is crucial for increasing agricultural productivity, improving crop yields, and sustaining global food production.

Seed technology, as a scientific field, involves the study and application of techniques to enhance seed quality, production, preservation, and distribution. With advancements in agricultural research, seed technology has significantly contributed to the development of high-yielding, disease-resistant, and stress-tolerant crop varieties.

Definition of Seed

A seed is a fertilized, mature ovule containing an embryo, which has the potential to develop into a new plant under suitable environmental conditions. It serves as a carrier of genetic information and plays a crucial role in plant reproduction.

According to the Indian Seed Act (1966), a seed is defined as:
“Any material used for sowing or planting which includes seeds of food crops, seeds of fodder crops, seeds of oilseeds, seeds of vegetables, seeds of flowers, seeds of medicinal and aromatic plants, tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, cuttings, all propagating materials, and vegetative reproduction materials.”

Definition of Seed Technology

Seed technology refers to the science that deals with the methods of improving the genetic and physical characteristics of seeds, including their production, processing, storage, and distribution. It ensures the availability of high-quality seeds with enhanced germination, vigor, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.

According to Feistritzer (1975), seed technology is:
“The methods through which the genetic and physical characteristics of seeds can be improved and maintained to achieve high seed quality.”

Importance of Seeds in Agriculture

• Ensures High Crop Yield The use of genetically superior, high-yielding seeds enhances productivity and reduces the risk of crop failure.
• Improves Germination and Vigour Quality seeds have higher germination rates, better seedling vigor, and improved plant establishment.
• Resistance to Pests and Diseases Certified seeds are often bred for resistance to various pests and diseases, reducing dependency on chemical pesticides.
• Adaptability to Environmental Stresses Modern seed technology develops varieties that can withstand drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures.
• Increases Farmers’ Income High-yielding and disease-resistant seeds result in better harvests, increasing profitability for farmers.
• Enhances Seed Purity and Quality Certified seeds ensure genetic and physical purity, leading to uniform plant growth and better marketability.
• Reduces Input Costs High-quality seeds require fewer fertilizers and pesticides, lowering production costs.
• Ensures Food Security Improved seeds contribute to higher food production, ensuring a stable food supply for growing populations.
• Supports Sustainable Agriculture Use of hybrid and improved seeds helps in conserving natural resources and increasing efficiency in agricultural practices.