Course Content
Unit 1 –
Agriculture significantly contributes to the national economy. Key principles of crop production focus on efficient soil, water, and nutrient management. The cultivation practices of rice, wheat, chickpea, pigeon-pea, sugarcane, groundnut, tomato, and mango are vital. Understanding major Indian soils, the role of NPK, and identifying their deficiency symptoms are essential for crop health. Fundamental biological concepts like cell structure, mitosis, meiosis, Mendelian genetics, photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration are crucial for crop science. Biomolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes, and vitamins play significant roles in plant metabolism. Effective management of major pests and diseases in rice, wheat, cotton, chickpea, and sugarcane is critical. Rural development programmes and the organizational setup for agricultural research, education, and extension support agricultural growth. Basic statistical tools, including measures of central tendency, dispersion, regression, correlation, probability, and sampling, aid in agricultural data analysis.
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Importance of Agriculture in national economy
00:00
Cultivation of Pigeonpea
Cultivation of Rice
00:00
Cultivation of Wheat
Major pests and diseases of: Rice and Wheat and there Management
00:00
Cultivation of Groundnut
00:00
Cultivation of Tomato
Cultivation of Mango
Cultivation of Chickpea
00:00
Important rural development programmes in India
00:00
Major soils of India
00:00
Cultivation of Sugarcane
Structure and function of cell organelles
00:00
Role of NPK and their deficiency symptoms
00:00
Mitosis and meiosis
00:00
Mendelian genetics
00:00
Elementary knowledge of: Photosynthesis
00:00
Elementary knowledge of Respiration
00:00
Elementary knowledge of Transpiration
00:00
Structure and functions of Carbohydrates and Proteins
00:00
Structure and functions of: Nucleic acids, Enzymes and Vitamins
00:00
Major pests and diseases of: Cotton, Chickpea and Sugarcane and there Management
00:00
Unit 2
The theory of consumer behavior explains decision-making based on preferences and budget constraints. The theory of demand focuses on the relationship between price and quantity demanded, while elasticity of demand measures demand responsiveness to price changes. Indifference curve analysis shows combinations of goods yielding equal satisfaction, and the theory of the firm examines profit-maximizing production decisions. Cost curves represent production costs, and the theory of supply explores the relationship between price and quantity supplied. Price determination arises from supply and demand interactions, and market classification includes types like perfect competition and monopoly. Macroeconomics studies the economy as a whole, while money and banking analyze monetary systems and financial institutions. National income measures a country's total economic output, and agricultural marketing includes the role, practice, and institutions involved in distribution, along with crop insurance, credit, and cooperatives. Capital formation, agrarian reforms, globalization, and WTO impact Indian agriculture by influencing credit access, investments, and global trade policies.
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Theory of Consumer Behaviour
00:00
Theory of Demand
00:00
Elasticity of Demand
00:00
Indifference Curve Analysis
00:00
Theory of Firm
00:00
Cost Curves
00:00
Theory of Supply
00:00
Price Determination
00:00
Market Classification
00:00
Concept of Macroeconomics
00:00
Money and Banking
00:00
National Income
00:00
Agricultural Marketing Role Practice Institutions Problems and Reforms
00:00
Role of Capital and Credit in Agriculture
00:00
Crop Insurance
00:00
Credit Institutions
00:00
Cooperatives
00:00
Capital Formation in Agriculture
00:00
Agrarian Reforms
00:00
Globalization
00:00
WTO & Its Impact on Indian Agriculture
00:00
Unit 3
Farm management involves principles of farm planning, budgeting, and understanding farming systems. Agricultural production economics focuses on factor-product relationships, marginal costs, and revenues. Agricultural finance includes time value of money, credit classifications, and repayment plans. Credit analysis incorporates the 4R’s, 5C’s, and 7P’s, with a history of agricultural financing in India, led by commercial banks and regional rural banks. Higher financing agencies like RBI, NABARD, and World Bank play key roles in credit access, capital formation, and agrarian reforms in India.
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Basic Principles of Farm Management
00:00
Concept of Farming System and Economics of Farming Systems
00:00
Agricultural Production Economics: Scope and Analysis
00:00
Factor-Product Relationship
00:00
Marginal Cost and Marginal Revenue
00:00
Farm Planning and Budgeting
00:00
Agricultural Finance Nature and Scope
00:00
Time Value of Money, Compounding and Discounting
00:00
Agricultural Credit: Meaning, Definition, Need, and Classification
00:00
Credit Analysis: 4R’s, 5C’s, and 7 P’s of Credit
00:00
Repayment Plans
00:00
History of Financing Agriculture in India
00:00
Commercial Banks and Nationalization of Commercial Banks
00:00
Lead Bank Scheme and Regional Rural Banks
00:00
Scale of Finance
00:00
Higher Financing Agencies: RBI, NABARD, AFC, Asian Development Bank, World Bank
00:00
Role of Capital and Credit in Agriculture
00:00
Credit Institutions, Cooperatives.
00:00
Agrarian Reforms in India
00:00
Unit 4
Extension education focuses on the principles, scope, and importance of agricultural extension programs. It includes planning, evaluation, and models of organizing extension services, with a historical development in the USA, Japan, and India. Rural development addresses key issues and programs from pre-independence to present times. It involves understanding rural sociology, social change, and leadership, while promoting educational psychology and personality development in agricultural extension. The Indian rural system emphasizes community values, structure, and adult education.
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Extension Education: Concept, meaning, principles, philosophy, scope, and importance.
00:00
Extension Programme Planning and Evaluation: Steps, principles, and models of organizing agricultural extension.
00:00
Historical Development: Extension in the USA, Japan, and India
00:00
Rural Development: Meaning, importance, problems, and rural development programmes in India from the pre-independence era to recent times
00:00
Extension Teaching Methods
Definition and concept of sociology, differences between rural & urban communities
00:00
Social stratification, social groups, social organization, and social change.
Rural Leadership
00:00
Educational psychology
Teaching and Learning
Role of Personality in Agricultural Extension in the Indian Rural System – Its Characteristics
Social Stratification
Social Group
Adult Education
Unit 5
Communication involves principles, concepts, processes, elements, and barriers in teaching methods, with various communication methods and media, including AV aids. Media mix and campaigns, along with cyber extension tools like internet, cybercafés, Kisan Call Centers, and teleconferencing, play a key role. Agriculture journalism focuses on the diffusion and adoption of innovations through adopter categories. Capacity building of extension personnel and farmers is essential, with training for farmers, women, and rural youth. Effective communication and extension methods are crucial for agricultural development.
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Communication, Principles, Concepts, Process, Elements and Barriers in teaching methods.
Models of Communication
Element of Communication
Method of Communication
Farm Publication (Mass Communication Method in Extension Education) 1
Farm Publication (Mass Communication Method in Extension Education) 2
Diffusion, and adoption of innovations with adopter categories
00:00
Media mix
Campaign
Cyberspace and Cyber extension
Internet
Kisan Call Centers (KCC)
Teleconferencing
Topic Wise Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs)
0/1
Communication 1
00:10:00
Practice Set for JRF
JRF Social Science (ICAR) Indian Council of Agricultural Research
Cultivation of Pigeonpea (Arhar/Red Gram/Tur)

Scientific Name: Cajanus cajan
Family: Papilionaceae
Origin: South Africa
Chromosome Number: 2n = 22
Pollination: Often cross-pollinated
Protein Content: 25%

 

Key Features

  • Growth Habit: Deep-rooted, C3, short-day plant.
  • Mini Fertilizer Crop: Fixes atmospheric nitrogen.
  • Flowering & Pod Setting: Produces many flowers, but only 10% set pods.
  • Seedcoat Dormancy: Requires thermal energy to break seed coat.
  • Harvest Index: 19% (lowest among pulses).
  • Importance in India: Second most important pulse after gram.

 

Global and National Status

Global Leader in Area & Production: Area and Production: India > Myanmar. India’s Share: 90% area, 85% production worldwide.

Production (India): Maharashtra (30%). Karnataka

Productivity (India): Bihar. Uttar Pradesh

 

Classification of Pigeonpea

  1. Cajanus cajan var. bicolor (Late Maturing):
  • Perennial, tall, much-branched.
  • Late maturity, 4-5 grains/pod.
  • Grown in North India.
  1. Cajanus cajan var. flavus (Early Maturing):
  • Annual, short plant.
  • Early maturity, 2-3 grains/pod.
  • Grown in South India.

 

Germination Type: Hypogeal germination.

 

Varieties of Pigeonpea

  1. i) Short Duration Varieties (110-125 days):
  • Prabhat
  • UPAS-120 (earliest variety)
  • ICPH-8: First hybrid (developed at ICRISAT, Hyderabad, 1991)
  • Pragati, ICPL151, ICPL87
  1. ii) Medium Duration Varieties (150-180 days):
  • BDN1, BDN2, C-11
  • Mukta (wilt resistant), Sharda, Paras

iii) Long Duration Varieties (180-300 days):

  • PUSA-9, Laxmi, Bahar

 

Soil Requirements

  • Type: Light-textured, well-drained soil.
  • pH Range: 5-8 (sensitive to saline soils >8 pH).

 

Agronomic Practices

Seed Rate:

  • Early varieties: 15-18 kg/ha.
  • Late varieties: 10-15 kg/ha.
  • Bund planting: 2 kg/ha.

Spacing: 60 x 15 cm.

 

Plant Population:

  • Kharif crop: 55,000 plants/ha.
  • Winter crop: 3.33 lakh plants/ha.

 

Sowing Time: 1st fortnight of June.

 

Fertilizer Application (kg/ha):

  • N: 20-25
  • P: 50-60
  • K: 20-35

 

Weed Management:

  • Pre-emergence: Alachlor, Pendimethalin.
  • Post-emergence: Basalin.

 

Yield

  • Irrigated Conditions: 25-30 q/ha.
  • Unirrigated Conditions: 15-20 q/ha.
  • Proportion of Seed to Pod: 50-60%.

 

Climate Requirements

  • Temperature: Optimal: 26–30°C for vegetative growth. Sensitive to frost during flowering and pod setting.
  • Rainfall: Requires 600-1000 mm annually.
  • Photoperiod: Short-day plant; day length influences flowering.

 

Growth Stages and Duration

  1. Germination: 7-10 days.
  2. Vegetative Phase: 40-60 days.
  3. Flowering: 60-80 days.
  4. Pod Formation: 80-150 days (varies by variety).
  5. Maturity: 120-300 days depending on the variety.

 

Intercropping System

Commonly intercropped with:

  • Cereals: Maize, Sorghum, Pearl millet.
  • Oilseeds: Groundnut, Soybean.
  • Other Pulses: Green gram, Black gram.

Benefits:

  • Enhances soil fertility.
  • Reduces pests and diseases.

 

Cropping Systems

  1. Mono-cropping: Sole crop of pigeonpea.
  2. Intercropping: Mixed with shorter duration crops (e.g., maize + pigeonpea).
  3. Relay Cropping: Grown after an early-maturing cereal or pulse.
  4. Agroforestry: Planted along field bunds or as a border crop.

 

Pests and Diseases

Major Pests:

  1. Pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera): Control: Spray Neem oil or apply Chlorpyrifos.
  2. Pod fly (Melanagromyza obtusa): Control: Dimethoate spray during pod development.
  3. Aphids: Control: Use systemic insecticides like Imidacloprid.
  4. Termites: Control: Treat seeds with Chlorpyrifos before sowing.

 

Major Diseases:

  1. Wilt (Fusarium udum): Control: Grow resistant varieties (e.g., Mukta). Seed treatment with Carbendazim @ 2g/kg seed.
  2. Sterility Mosaic Disease (SMD): Control: Use resistant varieties like ICP 8863.
  3. Phytophthora Blight: Control: Ensure proper drainage and apply Mancozeb sprays.

 

Water Management

Irrigation:

  • Critical stages: Flowering and pod development.
  • Avoid waterlogging as pigeonpea is sensitive to excess moisture.

Rainfed Conditions: Use soil moisture conservation practices like mulching.

 

Harvesting and Post-Harvest Practices

  • Harvesting Time: When 75-80% of pods turn brown.
  • Methods: Manual harvesting or sickles.
  • Threshing: Pods are sun-dried and threshed manually or mechanically.
  • Storage: Dry seeds to 10-12% moisture content. Store in airtight containers to prevent pest infestation.
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