Course Content
Unit 1 –
Agriculture significantly contributes to the national economy. Key principles of crop production focus on efficient soil, water, and nutrient management. The cultivation practices of rice, wheat, chickpea, pigeon-pea, sugarcane, groundnut, tomato, and mango are vital. Understanding major Indian soils, the role of NPK, and identifying their deficiency symptoms are essential for crop health. Fundamental biological concepts like cell structure, mitosis, meiosis, Mendelian genetics, photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration are crucial for crop science. Biomolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes, and vitamins play significant roles in plant metabolism. Effective management of major pests and diseases in rice, wheat, cotton, chickpea, and sugarcane is critical. Rural development programmes and the organizational setup for agricultural research, education, and extension support agricultural growth. Basic statistical tools, including measures of central tendency, dispersion, regression, correlation, probability, and sampling, aid in agricultural data analysis.
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Importance of Agriculture in national economy
00:00
Cultivation of Pigeonpea
Cultivation of Rice
00:00
Cultivation of Wheat
Major pests and diseases of: Rice and Wheat and there Management
00:00
Cultivation of Groundnut
00:00
Cultivation of Tomato
Cultivation of Mango
Cultivation of Chickpea
00:00
Important rural development programmes in India
00:00
Major soils of India
00:00
Cultivation of Sugarcane
Structure and function of cell organelles
00:00
Role of NPK and their deficiency symptoms
00:00
Mitosis and meiosis
00:00
Mendelian genetics
00:00
Elementary knowledge of: Photosynthesis
00:00
Elementary knowledge of Respiration
00:00
Elementary knowledge of Transpiration
00:00
Structure and functions of Carbohydrates and Proteins
00:00
Structure and functions of: Nucleic acids, Enzymes and Vitamins
00:00
Major pests and diseases of: Cotton, Chickpea and Sugarcane and there Management
00:00
Unit 2
The theory of consumer behavior explains decision-making based on preferences and budget constraints. The theory of demand focuses on the relationship between price and quantity demanded, while elasticity of demand measures demand responsiveness to price changes. Indifference curve analysis shows combinations of goods yielding equal satisfaction, and the theory of the firm examines profit-maximizing production decisions. Cost curves represent production costs, and the theory of supply explores the relationship between price and quantity supplied. Price determination arises from supply and demand interactions, and market classification includes types like perfect competition and monopoly. Macroeconomics studies the economy as a whole, while money and banking analyze monetary systems and financial institutions. National income measures a country's total economic output, and agricultural marketing includes the role, practice, and institutions involved in distribution, along with crop insurance, credit, and cooperatives. Capital formation, agrarian reforms, globalization, and WTO impact Indian agriculture by influencing credit access, investments, and global trade policies.
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Theory of Consumer Behaviour
00:00
Theory of Demand
00:00
Elasticity of Demand
00:00
Indifference Curve Analysis
00:00
Theory of Firm
00:00
Cost Curves
00:00
Theory of Supply
00:00
Price Determination
00:00
Market Classification
00:00
Concept of Macroeconomics
00:00
Money and Banking
00:00
National Income
00:00
Agricultural Marketing Role Practice Institutions Problems and Reforms
00:00
Role of Capital and Credit in Agriculture
00:00
Crop Insurance
00:00
Credit Institutions
00:00
Cooperatives
00:00
Capital Formation in Agriculture
00:00
Agrarian Reforms
00:00
Globalization
00:00
WTO & Its Impact on Indian Agriculture
00:00
Unit 3
Farm management involves principles of farm planning, budgeting, and understanding farming systems. Agricultural production economics focuses on factor-product relationships, marginal costs, and revenues. Agricultural finance includes time value of money, credit classifications, and repayment plans. Credit analysis incorporates the 4R’s, 5C’s, and 7P’s, with a history of agricultural financing in India, led by commercial banks and regional rural banks. Higher financing agencies like RBI, NABARD, and World Bank play key roles in credit access, capital formation, and agrarian reforms in India.
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Basic Principles of Farm Management
00:00
Concept of Farming System and Economics of Farming Systems
00:00
Agricultural Production Economics: Scope and Analysis
00:00
Factor-Product Relationship
00:00
Marginal Cost and Marginal Revenue
00:00
Farm Planning and Budgeting
00:00
Agricultural Finance Nature and Scope
00:00
Time Value of Money, Compounding and Discounting
00:00
Agricultural Credit: Meaning, Definition, Need, and Classification
00:00
Credit Analysis: 4R’s, 5C’s, and 7 P’s of Credit
00:00
Repayment Plans
00:00
History of Financing Agriculture in India
00:00
Commercial Banks and Nationalization of Commercial Banks
00:00
Lead Bank Scheme and Regional Rural Banks
00:00
Scale of Finance
00:00
Higher Financing Agencies: RBI, NABARD, AFC, Asian Development Bank, World Bank
00:00
Role of Capital and Credit in Agriculture
00:00
Credit Institutions, Cooperatives.
00:00
Agrarian Reforms in India
00:00
Unit 4
Extension education focuses on the principles, scope, and importance of agricultural extension programs. It includes planning, evaluation, and models of organizing extension services, with a historical development in the USA, Japan, and India. Rural development addresses key issues and programs from pre-independence to present times. It involves understanding rural sociology, social change, and leadership, while promoting educational psychology and personality development in agricultural extension. The Indian rural system emphasizes community values, structure, and adult education.
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Extension Education: Concept, meaning, principles, philosophy, scope, and importance.
00:00
Extension Programme Planning and Evaluation: Steps, principles, and models of organizing agricultural extension.
00:00
Historical Development: Extension in the USA, Japan, and India
00:00
Rural Development: Meaning, importance, problems, and rural development programmes in India from the pre-independence era to recent times
00:00
Extension Teaching Methods
Definition and concept of sociology, differences between rural & urban communities
00:00
Social stratification, social groups, social organization, and social change.
Rural Leadership
00:00
Educational psychology
Teaching and Learning
Role of Personality in Agricultural Extension in the Indian Rural System – Its Characteristics
Social Stratification
Social Group
Adult Education
Unit 5
Communication involves principles, concepts, processes, elements, and barriers in teaching methods, with various communication methods and media, including AV aids. Media mix and campaigns, along with cyber extension tools like internet, cybercafés, Kisan Call Centers, and teleconferencing, play a key role. Agriculture journalism focuses on the diffusion and adoption of innovations through adopter categories. Capacity building of extension personnel and farmers is essential, with training for farmers, women, and rural youth. Effective communication and extension methods are crucial for agricultural development.
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Communication, Principles, Concepts, Process, Elements and Barriers in teaching methods.
Models of Communication
Element of Communication
Method of Communication
Farm Publication (Mass Communication Method in Extension Education) 1
Farm Publication (Mass Communication Method in Extension Education) 2
Diffusion, and adoption of innovations with adopter categories
00:00
Media mix
Campaign
Cyberspace and Cyber extension
Internet
Kisan Call Centers (KCC)
Teleconferencing
Topic Wise Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs)
0/1
Communication 1
00:10:00
Practice Set for JRF
JRF Social Science (ICAR)
Scientific Cultivation of Mango
  • Botanical Name: Mangifera indica
  • Family: Anacardiaceae
  • Origin Place: Indo-Burma
  • National Fruit of India
  • Also Known As: Bathroom fruit / King of fruits
  • Fruit Type: Drupe/Stone
  • Edible Part: Mesocarp
  • Richest Source of: Vitamin A (4800 IU – International Unit)

 

General Introduction:

Mango is the national fruit of India. It is a climacteric and tropical fruit. India ranks first in mango production globally, contributing to 57% of total world production. Mango accounts for over 40% of total fruit production in India. Uttar Pradesh ranks first in mango production with a 23% share and also has the highest productivity.

 

Soil: Well-drained loamy soil is most suitable for mango cultivation.
Important Varieties of Mango:

A good variety of mango contains 20% TSS.

  • Chausa: Sweetest but late-maturing variety
  • Bombay Green: Early maturity variety of North India, also known as Saroli
  • Kesar: Good processing quality
  • Niranjan: Off-season variety
  • Rumani: Apple-shaped variety
  • Dashahari: Grown in UP, best medium-ripening variety
  • Neelam: Ideal for long transport, two crops are taken in a year
  • Banganapalli: Most commercial variety of Andhra Pradesh
  • Sindhu: Seedless variety
  • Alphonso: Best export variety but susceptible to spongy tissue, also known as Hafus
  • Mallika: Regular bearing, free from spongy tissue and fiber
  • Rosica: Mutant variety

 

Hybrid Varieties of Mango:
  • Amrapali: Dasheri × Neelam (DNA)
  • Arka Anmol: Alphonso × Janardan Pasand (AJA)
  • Arka Aruna: Banganapalli × Alphonso (BAA)
  • Arka Puneet: Alphonso × Banganapalli
  • Sindhu: Ratna × Alphonso (RAS) (First seedless variety)
  • Ratna: Neelam × Alphonso (NAR)
  • Mallika: Neelam × Dasheri (NDM) (Highest Vitamin A content)
  • Sai Sugandha: Totapuri × Kesar (TKS)
  • Ambika: Amrapali × Janardan Pasand (AJA)
  • Sai Sugandha: Regular bearing, free from malformation

 

Types of Mango Varieties:
  • North Indian Cultivars: Alternate bearer, monoembryonic, self-incompatible
  • South Indian Varieties: Regular bearing, polyembryonic varieties
  • Regular Bearing Varieties: Neelam, Totapuri, Amrapali, Banglora, and most hybrids
  • Alternate Bearers: Langra, Deshehari, Bombay Green, Mallika
  • Off-Season Bearing: Niranjan, Madhulika
  • Polyembryonic Varieties: Olour, Goa, Chandrakaran
  • Dwarfing Effect Variety: Rumani (used for Dashari variety)
  • Regions with Two Crops a Year: Kanyakumari and Madurai districts of Tamil Nadu

 

Pollination and Flowering:
  • Highly cross-pollinated, mainly by houseflies
  • Only 1% of flowers develop into mature fruits
  • Highest perfect flower count: Langra
  • Lowest perfect flower count: Rumani

 

Planting:
  • Best Time: June-July (Monsoon period)
  • Spacing:
    • Desi varieties: 10-12 m
    • Grafted varieties: 8 × 8 m
    • Amrapali:5 × 2.5 m (1600 plants/ha)

 

Propagation Methods:
  • Commercial Method: Veneer grafting (April-Oct.)
  • Recent Method: Epicotyl stone grafting (in Konkan, Maharashtra)
  • Other Methods: Inarching, Softwood grafting
  • Softwood Grafting Standardization: By Dr. R.S. Amin at GAU, Gujarat

 

Common Disorders and Solutions:
  • Mango Malformation: Due to low temperature & fungi
  • Spongy Tissue: Caused by convection heat
  • Internal Fruit Necrosis: Due to boron deficiency
  • Deblossoming: Done to control malformation
  • Clustering or Jhumka in Mango: Due to low temperature, improper pollination, and poor fertilization
  • VHT (Vapour Heat Treatment): Recommended for disinfection against fruit flies and stone weevil

 

Harvesting Period: March to mid-August

 

Storage Conditions:
  • Temperature: 13°C
  • Relative Humidity: 85-90%
  • Storage Period: 2-3 weeks
  • Freezing Point: -1°C

 

Climatic Requirements

  • Temperature: 24°C to 30°C (optimum), can tolerate up to 48°C
  • Rainfall: 75-375 cm per year; excessive rainfall at flowering reduces fruit set
  • Frost Sensitivity: Young plants are sensitive to frost
  • Wind Impact: Strong winds may cause fruit drop

 

Soil and Land Preparation

  • Ideal pH: 5.5 to 7.5 (slightly acidic to neutral)
  • Drainage: Essential to prevent root rot
  • Land Preparation: Deep plowing and leveling before planting

 

Orchard Establishment

  • Planting Time: June-July (monsoon season) is best
  • Planting System:
    • Square system (for better sunlight exposure)
    • Hexagonal system (for higher planting density)
    • Contour system (for hilly areas)

 

 Nutrient Management

Age of Tree

N (g)

P₂O₅ (g)

K₂O (g)

FYM (kg)

1 Year

100

50

100

10

2 Years

200

100

200

20

3 Years

300

150

300

30

4 Years

400

200

400

40

5 Years & above

500

250

1000

50
  • Zinc Sulphate (0.5%) and Boron (0.3%) spray during flowering improves fruit set.
  • FYM (Farmyard Manure): Essential for organic carbon improvement.

 

Water Management

  • Irrigation Frequency:  Weekly in summer. Every 15-20 days in winter
  • Critical Stages:
    • Flowering
    • Fruit development
    • Post-harvest for root regeneration

 

Pruning & Training

  • Training done in the first 4 years to maintain proper canopy structure.
  • Removal of water sprouts, dead wood, and diseased branches is essential.

 

Flowering & Fruit Set Management

  • Gibberellic Acid (GA3) 50-100 ppm promotes flowering.
  • Paclobutrazol (1000 ppm) induces early flowering.
  • Bee Pollination: Important for better fruit set.

 

Pests & Disease Management

 

Major Pests:

Pest

Symptoms

Management

Mango Hopper

Sucking pest, causes flower and fruit drop

Spray Imidacloprid (0.3 ml/L)

Fruit Fly

Larvae damage fruit pulp

Bait traps, Malathion spray

Mealybug

Sucks sap from leaves

Release predators like Cryptolaemus

Stem Borer

Damages tree trunk

Plug holes with Kerosenized cotton

 

Major Diseases:

Disease

Symptoms

Control Measures

Powdery Mildew

White fungal growth on leaves

Spray Sulphur 0.2% or Carbendazim 0.1%

Anthracnose

Black spots on fruits

Copper fungicides (0.3%)

Mango Malformation

Abnormal flower clusters

Deblossoming with NAA (100 ppm)

 

Post-Harvest Technology

  • Ripening Methods:
    • Ethylene treatment (100 ppm)
    • Calcium carbide (strictly not recommended)

 

Mango Processing & Value Addition

  • Mango Pulp Extraction
  • Mango Pickles, Juices, Jams
  • Dried Mango Slices

 

Economic Aspects

  • Yield:
    • Unirrigated: 8-10 tonnes/ha
    • Irrigated: 15-20 tonnes/ha
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