Non-Projected Audio-Visual Aids

These aids do not require any projection equipment and are primarily used for face-to-face communication. They are low-cost, easily adaptable for rural situations, and very effective in creating awareness and motivation.

1. Drama

• A live performance involving acting around a social or agricultural theme.
• Rehearsed and presented by local youth, farmers, or trained artists.
• Can be used to depict extension messages like sanitation, pest control, or importance of vaccination.

2. Puppet Show

• Puppets (hand, string, glove, rod) are manipulated by puppeteers to convey messages.
• Voiceovers, music, and dialogues add to the appeal.
• Very effective with children and rural audiences.

3. Talking Doll

• A doll that emits pre-recorded audio messages when triggered.
• Useful for generating curiosity and interest, especially in awareness campaigns.

4. Charts, Posters, Flashcards, Models

• Help in visual reinforcement of ideas.
• Best for small group teaching, demonstrations, or as backdrops in exhibitions.

5. Exhibitions & Demonstrations

• Exhibitions combine multiple non-projected aids in one place.
• Demonstrations show the “how-to” of any farm practice, using real materials.

🎥 Projected Audio-Visual Aids

These require projectors and other equipment to display visuals or videos on a screen. They combine sound and visuals, offering multi-sensory learning experiences.

1. Motion Pictures (Cinema)

• Used to present dynamic and synchronized visual messages.
• Film Types by Size:
  • 35 mm & 70 mm – Commercial movies
  • 16 mm – Educational films (used in extension)
  • 8 mm – Domestic or home use
• Seating Arrangement: 2 and 6 seating pattern (2 seats per row, 6 rows ideal).

2. Video

• From Latin “videre” meaning “to see”.
• Used to record and replay extension activities, training, expert interviews, success stories.
• Videos are reusable and excellent for distance education.

3. Slides

• Transparent mounted pictures (35 mm or 2×2 inch).
• Projected by focusing light through them (usually in dark rooms).
• Material must be placed inverted in the slide tray.

4. Film Strip

• Continuous strip of film, 30 to 60 sequential frames.
• Frame sizes:
  • Single: 24×18 mm
  • Double: 24×36 mm
• Used with strip projector.

5. Opaque Projector (Epidiascope)

• Projects opaque materials like photos, drawings, pages from books.
• Useful for showing real documents or charts without needing transparencies.

6. Overhead Projector (OHP)

• Projects transparencies on a screen.
• Light passes through the transparency and is reflected onto screen.
• Known as electronic chalkboard.
• Speaker can face the audience while teaching.

Additional Points:

• Diascope & Slide Projectors are direct type.
• OHP is a reflected (indirect) projector.

🖥️ Types of Projection Screens:

⚠️ COIK Fallacy

• COIK: Clear Only If Known (Edgar Dale, 1965)
• Warning against assuming audience understands visuals unless already familiar.

🧩 CONA (Community Oriented Needs Assessment)

• A participatory approach to assess local needs before designing extension communication strategies.

Radio; Radio is a powerful electronic audio medium used for mass communication.

• Suitable for millions at a low cost.
• Creates general awareness effectively.

Important Milestones:

• Broadcasting started: 23 July 1927, Mumbai.
• All India Radio (AIR): Started in 1936.
• AIR came to be known as Akashvani.
• Farm & Home Units of Akashvani were launched to support IADP and HYV seed promotion. NET-2020 Question

Communication through Radio:

• Best format: Group Discussion
• Effective delivery rate: 120–140 words per minute.

 Hot Media vs Cold Media:

• Hot Media: Extends a single sense in high definition; Example: Radio, Movies
• Cold Media: Requires more audience participation; Example: Television, Telephone

Radio Initiatives:

• Media Forum:
  • Combines mass media + interpersonal communication.
  • First Radio Rural Forum: Launched in 1956 by the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting and UNESCO.
  • Concept developed in Canada.

• Farm School on the Air:
  • A method of distance learning for farmers.
  • Uses lecture-cum-discussion format.

Television in extension education

• Television is an electronic audio-visual medium that transmits synchronized sound and moving pictures, making it highly effective for delivering educational content to rural and urban audiences alike.
• It follows a cosmopolite communication approach (wide, mass outreach).

Landmarks in Indian Television History

International Reference; Rural TV Project by FAO in Sudan (1974) – aimed at using television for rural development and farmer training.