Methods of Coordination in Extension Management

Coordination is essential in extension to ensure all efforts are aligned, efficient, and effective. It is required across departments, levels, and agencies.

Summary Table

Management by Objectives (MBO)

• Definition: MBO is a management approach where goals are defined jointly by managers and employees, and performance is evaluated based on achievement of these goals.
• Concept Given By: Peter F. Drucker

🔹 Key Features:

• Focuses on results not activities.
• Promotes participative goal setting.
• Ensures better communication and clarity of roles.
• Emphasizes accountability and self-direction.

🔹 Steps in MBO:

1. Setting organizational goals.
2. Joint goal setting between superior & subordinates.
3. Action plans development.
4. Monitoring progress.
5. Performance appraisal and feedback.

Total Quality Management (TQM)

🔹 Definition: TQM is a continuous process of improvement involving all employees, aimed at long-term customer satisfaction through quality enhancement at all levels.

🔹 Concept Developed By: W. Edwards Deming, Joseph Juran, and Philip Crosby.

🔹 Tools Used:

• 7 QC Tools (e.g., flowchart, histogram, fishbone diagram)
• Benchmarking
• Six Sigma
• Kaizen (Continuous Improvement)

Likely MCQ Points:

• MBO was given by: Peter Drucker
• TQM focuses on: Customer satisfaction and continuous improvement
• MBO is based on: Goal setting and performance evaluation

Project Management Techniques

Definition: Project management techniques are tools and methods used to plan, execute, and control projects effectively, ensuring that objectives are met on time and within budget.

🔹 Key Techniques:

• PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique)
  • Focuses on time estimation using three estimates:
    ➤ Optimistic (O), Pessimistic (P), Most Likely (M)
    ➤ Expected Time (TE) = (O + 4M + P)/6
  • Best for research & development projects with uncertain durations.

• CPM (Critical Path Method)
  • Emphasizes activity sequencing and identifying the critical path (longest path with zero float).
  • Suitable for routine, construction, or manufacturing projects with known durations.

• Gantt Chart
  • A bar chart showing project tasks over time.
  • Useful for scheduling and tracking progress visually.

• Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Divides the project into manageable tasks and sub-tasks.

• Logical Framework Analysis (LFA)
  • A matrix tool used in project planning, monitoring, and evaluation.
  • Involves: Goal, Purpose, Outputs, Activities, Indicators.