Projected Audio-Visual Aids

Definition: Projected audio-visual aids are instructional materials that require a projection device to display visuals or video content on a screen, often accompanied by sound. They are highly effective in group teaching and mass education settings.

Importance in Extension Education

• Helps simplify complex topics.
• Encourages better attention and retention.
• Ideal for training sessions, demonstrations, and campaigns.
• Reaches semi-literate or illiterate audiences through visual impact.

Types of Projected Audio-Visual Aids

1. 📽️ Overhead Projector (OHP)

• Used to project transparencies onto a screen.
• Content: Text, diagrams, charts.
• Best for: Classroom settings, small group meetings.

2. Slide Projector

• Projects 35mm photographic slides.
• Slides can contain photographs, illustrations, or text.
• Best for: Sequential storytelling or process explanation.

3. Multimedia/Digital Projector (LCD Projector)

• Projects digital content from a laptop or mobile device.
• Content: PowerPoint presentations, images, videos, animations.
• Best for: Professional presentations, modern training programs.

4. Film Strip and Movie Projectors

• Used for showing educational films or documentaries.
• Films may be about successful farmers, technologies, or government schemes.
• Best for: Mass education, village-level campaigns.

5. Video Projectors/TV with USB or DVD

• Plays recorded video content on a screen or TV.
• Used for: Demonstrations, awareness videos.

Steps in Preparation

1. Select the topic relevant to the audience.
2. Design visuals (charts, images, text) with clarity and simplicity.
3. Use appropriate software/tools (PowerPoint, Canva, video editing).
4. Check equipment in advance: projector, laptop, speakers, electricity backup.
5. Practice presentation beforehand to ensure flow and timing.

Guidelines for Effective Presentation

• Keep text large and readable (minimum 24 pt font).
• Use visuals over text wherever possible.
• Avoid clutter—one idea per slide.
• Make use of animation/audio only when necessary.
• Engage the audience: ask questions, invite discussion.
• Summarize key points at the end of the session.

Non-Projected Audio-Visual Aids

Definition: These are instructional materials that do not require projection equipment and can be used directly to convey messages through both visual and audio senses, often used in field situations where power or technology access is limited.

Importance in Extension Education

• Ideal for field-level training, campaigns, and village exhibitions.
• Low cost, easy to prepare and transport.
• Useful in areas with low literacy.
• Encourages interactive learning.

Types of Non-Projected Audio-Visual Aids

Non-Projected Audio-Visual Aids in Extension Education

Non-projected aids are those instructional materials that do not require projection equipment to display the content. These tools primarily use visual elements and are often simple, cost-effective, and user-friendly for rural settings.

🔹 1. Chalkboard / Blackboard

• Definition: A board (usually black/green) used for writing with chalk.
• Uses: Ideal for lectures, trainings, group meetings.

🔹 2. Bulletin Board

• Definition: A display board used to pin or paste notices or messages.
• Features:
  • Used for displaying one or two important messages.
  • Often placed in public areas like village halls or offices.
• Use: Extension messages, schedules, important announcements.

🔹 3. Pictures & Photographs

• Definition: Visual representations created by drawing, painting, or camera.
• Value:
  • A picture can convey complex ideas instantly.
  • Effective in literacy-challenged areas.
• Use: Demonstrate improved practices, show before-after results.

🔹 4. Flannel Graph, Flash Cards & Flip Charts

(i) Flannel Graph

• Definition: Felt or flannel-covered board on which sandpaper-backed visuals are placed.
• Use: Sequential display during lectures/talks.
• Features: Interactive, reusable.

(ii) Flash Cards

• Definition: Series of cards (approx. 30 cm x 25 cm) shown one by one.
• Characteristics:
  • Story-telling format
  • Builds suspense and sequence
  • Simple message per card
• Use: Campaigns, rural meetings, field training.

(iii) Flip Chart

• Definition: Large papers arranged like a calendar, flipped one after another.
• Use: Group teaching, small meetings.
• Advantage: Can show progressive steps of a process.

🔹 5. Poster

• Definition: Printed/drawn placard displayed in public places.
• Purpose: Create awareness through visual impact.
• Ideal Letter Size: 1.5 inch for a 25-meter visibility.
• Effective Poster Principles (ABC):
  • Attractive
  • Brief (≤5 words)
  • Clear
• Poster Design Tips:

• 1. Use bright colors.
  2. Keep layout logical.
  3. Visualize the idea simply.

🔹 6. Graphic Aids

• Diagram; Line drawing showing structure or concept.
• Map; Represents geographical information visually.
• Chart; Presents data in tabular or diagrammatic form (e.g., flow chart, pie chart).
• Graph; Diagram showing relationships between variables (bar, line, histogram).

7. Specimens, Models, Diorama

(i) Specimen; Real sample representing the whole (e.g., diseased leaf, seeds).

(ii) Model; Miniature or mock-up of real object.

• Types:
  • Scale Model: Accurate proportions.
  • Simplified Model: Only external form.
  • Working Model (Mock-up): Shows function.
  • Cut-away Model: Cross-sectional view.

(iii) Diorama

• Scenic 3D representation of real environment.
• Use: Exhibitions, museums.
• Origin: Greek word meaning “to see through”.

🔹 8. Translide

• Definition: Transparent large photographs with backlight.
• Use: Display in extension centers and exhibitions.

🔹 9. Illustration

• Drawings or sketches representing reality (not photographs).
• Use when actual object/photo not available.

🔹 10. Photograph

• Exact visual record of objects/events.
• Use: Documentation, awareness, credibility-building in extension work.