Team Building; Team building is the process of creating a cohesive group of people who work together effectively to achieve common goals.

Team Building Process (5 Stages – Tuckman Model)

1. Forming: Team members get to know each other, Establish ground rules
2. Storming: Conflicts emerge. Differences in opinions arise
3. Norming: Roles and relationships become clear. Cooperation begins
4. Performing: Team works efficiently toward goals. High productivity
5. Adjourning: Task completion. Team disbands or transitions

Problem Solving Techniques

1. Brainstorming; Group generates many ideas quickly without judgment
2. Root Cause Analysis (Fishbone/Ishikawa Diagram); Identifies cause-effect relationships of problems
3. SWOT Analysis; Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats
4. Pareto Analysis (80/20 Rule); Focuses on vital few causes that lead to most problems
5. PDCA Cycle (Deming Cycle); Plan → Do → Check → Act. For continuous problem-solving and improvement
6. Five Whys; Asking “Why?” 5 times to get to the root cause

Negotiation; Negotiation is a dialogue between two or more parties intended to reach a beneficial outcome over one or more issues.

Types of Negotiation

1. Distributive (Win-Lose) – Fixed pie, competitive
2. Integrative (Win-Win) – Collaborative, mutual benefit

Stages of Negotiation Process

1. Preparation and Planning
2. Define Ground Rules
3. Clarification and Justification
4. Bargaining and Problem Solving
5. Closure and Implementation

Quick recall table

Motivational Theories & Techniques

Definition of Motivation

• Motivation is the internal process that initiates, guides, and sustains goal-directed behavior.
• In the context of organizations, it is the willingness to exert high levels of effort toward organizational goals, conditioned by the effort’s ability to satisfy individual needs.

Major Theories of Motivation

1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory (1943)

• Five levels of needs:
  1. Physiological needs – Food, water
  2. Safety needs – Job security
  3. Social needs – Belongingness, love
  4. Esteem needs – Recognition, respect
  5. Self-actualization – Personal growth

📌 Needs progress from basic to higher levels. A need must be satisfied to move to the next.

2. Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory (1959)

• Motivators (Intrinsic factors): Achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement
• Hygiene factors (Extrinsic factors): Salary, company policy, working conditions

📌 Motivators increase satisfaction, but hygiene factors prevent dissatisfaction.

3. McClelland’s Theory of Needs (1961)

Three key needs that drive behavior:

• nAch: Need for achievement
• nAff: Need for affiliation
• nPow: Need for power

📌 Different individuals are motivated by different dominant needs.

4. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y (1960)

• Theory X: Assumes employees dislike work, need control
• Theory Y: Assumes employees are self-motivated and seek responsibility

📌 Modern organizations follow Theory Y approach (participative style).

5. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory (1964)

Motivation = Expectancy × Instrumentality × Valence

• Expectancy: Effort leads to performance
• Instrumentality: Performance leads to reward
• Valence: Value of the reward

📌 People are motivated if they believe their effort will lead to a desired outcome.

Work Motivation; Definition; Work motivation refers to the level of desire employees feel to perform well at their jobs.

Factors Influencing Work Motivation

Summary Table