Livestock Census & Economy (India):

• Livestock Census Year: 20th Livestock Census – 2019
• India’s total bovine population: ~302.8 million
• Total number of milch animals (in-milk & dry): ~125.34 million
• India’s rank in total livestock population: 2nd (after China)
• Livestock contributes to agriculture GDP: ~25–30%
• Largest livestock species in India: Goat, after cattle and buffalo

🔹 Milk and Dairy:

• Normal body temperature of cow: ~101.5°F (38.6°C)
• Lactation period in cow: ~305 days (10 months)
• Dry period in cow: ~60 days
• Average gestation period in cow/buffalo: ~283 days (9.5 months)
• Standard fat % in cow milk: 4.5%, buffalo: 6.5%
• Preservative added in milk sample for testing: Formalin (0.1 mL per 25 mL milk)
• Milk is tested using: Lactometer
• Mastitis: Inflammation of the udder (generally bacterial)

🔹 Important Animal Breeds in India:

• Murrah (Buffalo): High milk yield (~8-12L/day), Haryana
• Sahiwal (Cow): Best indigenous milch breed, Punjab
• Gir (Cow): Famous milk breed, Gujarat
• Mehsana (Buffalo): Best breed for milk and draught, Gujarat
• Jersey & Holstein Friesian (HF): Exotic high-yielding dairy cows

🔹 Poultry Specific:

• Average body temperature in poultry: 106°F
• Incubation period of chicken eggs: 21 days
• Fertile egg is best for hatching within: 5-7 days of laying
• Candling: A method to test egg fertility
• Layers start laying eggs at: 18–20 weeks
• Brooding temperature for chicks (first week): 95°F

🔹 Animal Nutrition:

• Roughages: High fiber, low energy (e.g., straw, hay)
• Concentrates: Low fiber, high energy/protein (e.g., grains, oilcakes)
• Bypass protein: Not degraded in rumen (e.g., treated oil cakes)
• Green fodder high in protein: Berseem, Lucerne
• Molasses: Source of energy and palatability

🔹 Artificial Insemination (AI):

• AI in cows recommended: 12–18 hours after onset of estrus
• AI technique success depends on: Time, semen quality, skill
• Estrus cycle of cow: 21 days (avg.)
• Duration of estrus (heat): 12–18 hours
• Best time to inseminate: Mid-estrus

🔹 Common Vaccinations (Cattle):

🔹 Important Terms:

• Colostrum: First milk post-calving; rich in antibodies
• Crepitation: Crackling sound during respiratory issues
• Calving interval: Ideal: 12–13 months
• Progeny testing: Performance evaluation through offspring
• Ethnoveterinary medicine: Indigenous animal healing practices

🔹 Animal Health:

• Zoonotic diseases (transmissible to humans): Anthrax, Brucellosis, Rabies, Tuberculosis, Leptospirosis
• Bloat: Gas accumulation in rumen, especially in cattle
• Ketosis: Metabolic disorder in high milk-yielding animals
• Milk fever: Hypocalcemia, post-calving
• Foot Rot: Hoof infection, often in wet conditions