Grape (Vitis vinifera)
- Family: Vitaceae
- Origin: Black Sea to Caspian Sea region
- Fruit Type: Multiseeded berry
- Aroma Compound: Methyl anthranilate (muscat flavour)
- Acid: Tartaric acid (commercially extracted)
Important Facts
- Planting Time: October (ideal)
- Fe deficiency: Common in black soil
- Mg deficiency: Universal
- Pink Berry Formation: Common in Thompson Seedless (due to >20°C diurnal variation)
- Berry Drop: Due to defective pollination/fertilization
- Shot Berries in Perlette: Due to Boron deficiency + poor pollination
- Ripening Season Rain: Causes berry cracking and rotting
Pruning Practices
|
Region |
Time |
Type of Pruning |
|
North India |
Dec–Jan (Winter) |
Once |
|
South India |
April |
Back/Foundation Pruning |
|
October |
Forward/Fruit Pruning |
- Pruning Intensity:
- Low (3–4 buds): Bangalore Blue, Bhokri
- High (10–14 buds): Thompson Seedless
Training System & Spacing
- Bower System: Common in India. Thompson Seedless: 1.8 × 2.5 m² spacing
- Y Trellis System: Spacing: 1.8 × 3.0 m²
- Highest bunch & berry weight under bower system
Growth Regulators in Grapes
|
Regulator |
Function |
|
CCC (Cycocel) |
Suppresses vine vigour, increases bud fruitfulness |
|
GA₃ |
Increases berry size |
|
HCN |
Hastens bud break (winter pruning) |
|
NAA (50 ppm) |
Reduces post-harvest fruit drop |
|
MH |
Induces male sterility |
Productivity & Economics
- Average Productivity (India): 16.95 t/ha (Highest in world)
- Cost-Benefit Ratio: Highest in Bower System
Important Products & Processing
- Raisin: Dried seedless grape
- Max. moisture: 17%
- Process: Dip in Soda oil (Ethyl oleate + K₂CO₃), then shade dry
- Common Cultivars: Pusa Seedless, Thompson Seedless, Sultana
Varieties of Grape
- Coloured Seeded; Bangalore Blue (BB). Gulabi (Muscat). Kishmish Chorni
- Coloured Seedless; Beauty Seedless. Sharad Seedless
- White Seeded; Anab-e-Shahi. Dilkhush
- White Seedless; Perlette. Tas-A-Ganesh. Sonnaka.
Popular Hybrids & Parents
|
Hybrid |
Parentage |
Use |
|
Pusa Seedless |
Thompson Seedless |
Raisins |
|
Tas-A-Ganesh |
Arka Neelmani × TS |
Red Wine |
|
Manik Chaman |
Arka Krishna × Queen of Vineyard |
Juice |
|
Sonnaka |
Arka Hans × BB |
White Wine |
|
Arka Trishna |
BB × Convent Large Black |
Wine |
|
Arka Shweta |
Anab-e-Shahi × TS |
Table |
|
Arka Majestic |
Anab-e-Shahi × Black Champa |
Table |
|
Arka Chitrah |
Angoor Kalan × A-e-S |
Table |
|
Pusa Navrang |
Madeline Angavine × Ruby Red |
Tenturier grape |
- Queen of Vineyard: Used as male parent to transmit seedlessness
- Kishmish Beli: Outstanding raisin cultivar
- Arka Kanchan: Late maturing
Pruning Type by Variety
|
Cane Pruned Varieties |
Spur Pruned Varieties |
|
Gulabi, Pusa Seedless, TS |
BB, BS, Bhokri, Perlette, Delight |
Other Important Terms
- Calyptra: Cap-like structure (union of sepals & petals)
- Stem Girdling: Removal of 5 mm ring at full bloom stage
- Delight & Perlette: Bred by H.P. Olmo
