Steps in Extension Teaching (Wilson & Gallup, 1955)

1. Attention: Create awareness about new ideas/practices using mass media (radio, TV, exhibitions) and personal contact.
2. Interest: Stimulate curiosity by providing more information in simple, relatable terms via publications and local leaders.
3. Desire: Unfreeze old behavior and highlight benefits to create desire for change—e.g., success stories and field visits.
4. Conviction: Build strong belief in the applicability and benefits of innovation through persuasion and discussions.
5. Action: Farmer starts using the innovation in real-life farming.
6. Satisfaction: Successful results reinforce learning and motivate for future change—e.g., better yield, health, or income.

Extension Education Process (SOTER Model)

• The concept of Extension Education Process and Teaching-Learning Process is explained by Paul Leagans.
• Objectives of education are decided by Normative Sciences.

🎓 Teaching and Learning

• Teaching: Arranging situations to draw learner’s attention, develop interest, arouse desire, and promote action.
• Learning: A course of procedures leading to a desired end. A result of perceived stimuli causing change in overt and covert responses.

Key Learning Concepts

• Fundamental Objectives of Learning: To Do, By Doing, For Doing
• Learning becomes rapid by focusing on one sense at a time.
• “Learning the rope” refers to Socialization.
• Education = Process of Socialization.
• Learning is motivated by → Self.
• Learning follows an S-shaped curve.
• Learning through simulation games is part of the Experimental technique.
• Latent Learning: Learning appears suddenly when an incentive is introduced.

👨 Elements of Learning Situation

1. Learners: Must be capable, interested, in need, and able to use the knowledge.
2. Teachers (Extension agents): Train and motivate learners.
3. Subject Matter: Content relevant to learners’ needs.
4. Teaching Materials: Instructional aids, tools, and equipment.
5. Physical Facilities: Appropriate environment for learning.

Learning is an internal process controlled mainly by the learner.
Effective teaching and learning depends on design and effect.

Theories, Models, and Key Contributors

Key Concepts in Extension

• Extension is education – Ensminger (1957)
• Extension teaching is a planned and deliberate act.
• Ultimate objective = Help individuals realize their full potential
• Fundamental goal of extension = Development of individual
• Extension deals with: Farmers
• Basic unit of extension work = Family
• Extension logic = Inductive logic
• Intrinsic motivation example: “If I want the gold medal, I must work hard.”
• Leadership development in extension is a means.
• Extension agent is: Personal cosmopolite and a Professional leader

Single line Important Questation

1. Who proposed the six steps in extension teaching? Wilson & Gallup (1955)
2. What is the first step in the extension teaching process? Attention
3. What does ‘S’ in the SOTER model stand for? Situation
4. Who explained the concept of the extension education process? Paul Leagans
5. Which step involves checking ‘what has been achieved’? Evaluation
6. Learning is mainly controlled by whom? The learner
7. Learning curve follows which shape? S-shaped curve
8. “Learning the rope” refers to what? Socialization
9. Who is considered the central element in learning? Learner
10. Who is known as the Father of Learning? E.L. Thorndike
11. Who introduced the Bond Theory of Learning? E.L. Thorndike
12. Who is associated with the Satellite Model of Extension? G. Perumal
13. Who proposed the Farmers First model? Robert Chambers
14. Who emphasized that extension = education? Ensminger (1957)
15. Who introduced the University-based extension system? USA
16. Which commission defined extension as out-of-school education? National Commission on Agriculture
17. Extension primarily deals with whom? Farmers
18. What is the basic unit of extension work? Family
19. Intrinsic motivation example in extension? “If I want the gold medal, I must work hard.”
20. In extension, leadership development is considered a ______.Means