🔶 Extension Education Process (SOTER) by Paul Leagans

• S – Situation: What is now – current status or condition.
• O – Objective: What should be – goal or target to be achieved.
• T – Teaching: What to teach and how to teach – methods and content.
• E – Evaluation: What has been the result – assessing learning and impact.
• R – Reconsideration: What next to do – planning for further improvement.

🔶 Key Concepts in Extension Education

• Extension education is education – Ensminger (1957)
• Education is an applied science – Paul Leagans
• Extension is out-of-school education – National Commission on Agriculture
• Extension teaching is a planned and deliberate act by an extension agent.
• Extension deals with farmers; basic unit: Family
• Ultimate objective: Help individual realize their fullest potential
• Fundamental objective: Development of individual
• Instrument of extension: Communication
• Basic logic used in extension: Inductive logic
• Extension worker are: Professional leader, Teacher, Personal cosmopolite
• Leadership development: A means in extension

🔶 Theories, Models & Contributors

🔶 Teaching and Learning Concepts

• Teaching: Arranging situations to attract learners’ attention, interest, and action.
• Learning: A behavior change through personal effort; progressive adaptation to stimuli.
• Definition of learning: Enduring change in overt and covert responses due to perceived stimulus.
• “To do, By doing, For doing”: Fundamental objective of learning
• Learning is rapid when concentrated on one sense at a time.
• Learning curve: S-shaped
• Latent Learning: Learning that appears when incentive/reward is given
• Learning is motivated by self; internal motivation
• Learning “the rope”: Socialization
• Learning emphasized by: Design and effect, Simulation games (experimental learning)

🔶 Elements of Learning Situation

1. Learners: Must be capable, interested, in need, and able to use information.
2. Teachers: Extension agents who guide and motivate learners.
3. Subject Matter: Content relevant to learner’s needs.
4. Teaching Materials: Instructional tools and aids.
5. Physical Facilities: Conducive learning environment.

🔶 Education and Society

• Education is shaped by society
• Education = Process of socialization
• Learning = Process of adaptation and motivation

🔶 Adult Education & Andragogy

• Science of adult learning: Andragogy
• Term coined by: Alexander Kapp
• Popularized by: Malcolm Knowles
• Key Features:
  • Adult learning is problem-centered and experience-centered
  • Driven by motivation (central issue)
  • Based on “Here and Now” situations
  • Emphasizes process over content
• Adult education is considered non-formal education

🔶 Motivation in Extension

• Motivation: Internal state stimulating activity

• Intrinsic motivation: “If I want that gold medal, I must work hard.” (Driven by internal desire or personal goals)

• Extrinsic motivation: “If I want to win the prize money or get appreciation from others, I must work hard.” (Driven by external rewards or recognition)

🔶 Participation in Extension