Terms for ‘Extension’ in Various Languages

Technology & Adoption (Extension Focus)

• Technology = Application of knowledge
• Two Main Components:
  • a. Material Technology (tools, inputs)
  • b. Knowledge-based Technology (methods, practices)

• Agro-Technology = Combination of: Material + Process + Knowledge
• A technology is valid only if tested for: Effectiveness and Consistency
• Field Trials → precede demonstrations to help prioritize best practices
• Core Aim of Extension: Motivate people to adopt new innovations

U.S. Extension Milestones:

• County Commission – 1862 → Foundation for local-level governance in agricultural education.
• Morrill Act – 1862;  Established land-grant universities to provide agricultural education.
• Hatch Act – 1887 → Set up agricultural experiment stations for research.
• Smith-Lever Act – 1914 → Officially created the Cooperative Extension Service in the U.S.

Key Indian Extension Milestones:

• First Agricultural Society (India) – 1785 → Initiated agricultural knowledge dissemination in colonial India.
• ISEE (Indian Society of Extension Education) – 1964 → Professional body to promote extension education.
• DEE (Directorate of Extension Education) – 1966 → Strengthened university-level extension efforts.
• ICAR Extension Division Established – 1971 → Central coordination of extension programs under ICAR.
• Agricensus (India) – 1970–71 → First comprehensive census to assess Indian agriculture.
• AICRP on Extension (All India Coordinated Research Project) – 1977 → Strengthened research in extension methodologies.

Extension Approaches

Author: G.H. Axinn
Book: A Guide to Alternative Extension Approaches
Total Approaches: 8 

Key Approaches (with Examples):

1. Project Approach; Focus: Short-term measurable success. Example: NAIP, IVLP
2. Training & Visit (T&V) Approach.
3. Farming Systems Development Approach.
4. General Agricultural Extension,

Four Paradigms of Extension Education

(Based on persuasion/education + top-down/participatory nature)