Major Pests and Diseases of Rice (Oryza sativa)
Major Insect Pests of Rice
|
Pest Name |
Scientific Name |
Damage Symptoms |
Season/Condition |
|
Rice Stem Borer |
Scirpophaga incertulas |
Dead heart in vegetative stage; White ear head in reproductive stage |
Kharif & Rabi; high humidity |
|
Brown Plant Hopper (BPH) |
Nilaparvata lugens |
Hopper burn (dry patches), stunted growth |
High humidity; excessive nitrogen |
|
Green Leaf Hopper (GLH) |
Nephotettix virescens |
Transmits Tungro virus; yellowing of leaves |
Rainy season |
|
Rice Hispa |
Dicladispa armigera |
Scraping of leaves; reduced photosynthesis |
Post-monsoon |
Major Diseases of Rice
|
Disease Name |
Causal Organism |
Symptoms |
Favorable Condition |
|
Blast (Leaf/Neck) |
Magnaporthe oryzae |
Spindle-shaped lesions; neck rot |
High humidity; low temperature |
|
Bacterial Leaf Blight |
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae |
Yellowing, wilting, water-soaked streaks |
Warm, humid condition |
|
Sheath Blight |
Rhizoctonia solani |
Irregular lesions on leaf sheath |
Dense canopy; high N-use |
|
Sheath Rot |
Sarocladium oryzae |
Rotting of sheath with dirty patches |
High humidity |
|
Tungro Virus Disease |
Rice tungro bacilliform virus |
Yellow-orange leaf color; stunted growth |
Transmitted by GLH |
|
False Smut |
Ustilaginoidea virens |
Greenish balls (smut balls) on panicle |
Humid condition post-anthesis |
|
Brown Spot |
Bipolaris oryzae |
Brown circular spots with yellow halo |
Poor nutrition, seed-borne |
Major Pests and Diseases of Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Major Insect Pests of Wheat
|
Pest Name |
Scientific Name |
Damage Symptoms |
Season/Condition |
|
Termites |
Odontotermes spp., Microtermes spp. |
Wilting, hollow roots and stems |
Moist warm soil |
|
Shoot Fly |
Atherigona naqvii |
Dead heart in seedlings |
Early sown wheat |
|
Pink Stem Borer |
Sesamia inferens |
Dead heart, bored stems |
Common in warm areas |
|
Aphids |
Rhopalosiphum maidis, Sitobion avenae |
Sap-sucking; reduced vigour; sooty mold |
Cool and humid season |
Major Diseases of Wheat
|
Disease Name |
Causal Organism |
Symptoms |
Favorable Condition |
|
Rusts (Three types) |
|||
|
– Yellow Rust (Stripe) |
Puccinia striiformis |
Yellow stripes on leaves |
Cool and moist |
|
– Brown Rust (Leaf) |
Puccinia triticina |
Brown pustules on leaves |
Moderate temperature |
|
– Black Rust (Stem) |
Puccinia graminis tritici |
Elongated black pustules on stems and leaves |
Warm temperature |
|
Powdery Mildew |
Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici |
White powdery patches on leaves and stems |
Cool, humid conditions |
|
Karnal Bunt |
Neovossia indica |
Partial blackening of grains; fishy odor |
Cool & humid during anthesis |
|
Loose Smut |
Ustilago tritici |
Black, powdery spores in place of grains |
Systemic; seed-borne |
|
Alternaria Leaf Blight |
Alternaria triticina |
Brown concentric spots on leaves |
Late season; moist condition |
|
Flag Smut |
Urocystis agropyri |
Twisting of flag leaf; black streaks |
Low temperature |
|
Fusarium Head Blight |
Fusarium graminearum |
Bleaching of spikelets; pink mold on grains |
Wet and warm flowering period |
