Research Problems and Problem Statements

Research Problem

1. Meaning

• A research problem is a difficulty, gap, or challenge faced by a researcher, either in theory or practice, which requires a systematic investigation to find a solution.
• It is the foundation of the research process — if the problem is not defined correctly, the entire research will be misdirected.

👉 Example: Why is the dropout rate higher among rural girls compared to boys in secondary schools?

2) Conditions for a Research Problem to Exist

A problem qualifies as a research problem when:

1. There is an individual or group (I) facing the problem in a given environment (N).
2. There are at least two courses of action (C1, C2)
3. Each course of action leads to different possible outcomes (O1, O2), one of which is preferable.
4. The courses of action offer unequal chances of achieving the desired objective (choice matters).
5. The decision-maker (researcher) is in doubt about which course of action is best.

3) Selecting a Research Problem

i) Criteria for Selecting a Problem

• Avoid overdone subjects (difficult to contribute something new).
• Avoid too controversial or vague problems (unless one is well-prepared).
• Avoid problems that are too narrow in scope.
• Choose a familiar and feasible problem (data sources should be accessible).
• Consider importance, relevance, and significance of the problem.
• Consider researcher’s competence (knowledge, training, and skills).
• Ensure time, budget, and cooperation from respondents are manageable.
• Conduct a preliminary (pilot) study to check feasibility.

👉 Golden rule: A research problem should be like a seed planted in the researcher’s own mind—self-interest and passion are crucial.

ii) Necessity of Defining the Problem

• A well-defined problem = half solved problem.
• A clear definition helps:
  • Distinguish relevant data from irrelevant data.
  • Decide what relations to study.
  • Select suitable techniques and methods.
• An ill-defined problem wastes effort and causes confusion.

iii) Techniques of Defining a Research Problem

Steps to properly define a research problem:

• State the problem in a general way; Broad statement (based on practical concern or theoretical interest). Conduct preliminary observation or pilot survey.
• Understand the nature of the problem; Explore its origin, causes, and scope. Clarify objectives and environment.
• Survey the available literature; Review theories, reports, earlier studies. Identify gaps, contradictions, or weaknesses.
• Develop ideas through discussions; Talk with experts, colleagues, practitioners. Conduct “experience surveys” to refine ideas.
• Rephrase the problem into a working proposition; Convert broad issues into specific, researchable terms. Frame working hypotheses to guide investigation.

4) Problem Statement

i) Meaning

• A problem statement is a formal, clear, and concise expression of the research problem.
• It defines what is to be studied, why it is important, and how it will be approached.
• It acts as a bridge between the research problem and the research objectives/hypotheses.

ii) Example of a Problem Statement

Topic: Dropout of Girls in Rural Secondary Schools

Problem Statement:
Despite various government initiatives like free textbooks, scholarships, and mid-day meals, dropout rates among rural girls in secondary schools remain significantly higher than boys. Previous studies suggest multiple reasons—poverty, early marriage, distance to schools, and cultural norms—but the relative importance of these factors remains unclear in rural northern India. This research aims to identify and analyze the socio-economic, cultural, and infrastructural factors influencing female dropout, in order to propose effective interventions to improve girls’ education.

In Summary

• Research Problem = the challenge/difficulty to be solved scientifically.
• Selecting the Problem = choose carefully, considering feasibility, novelty, importance, and researcher’s ability.
• Defining the Problem = systematic process (general statement → literature survey → discussions → working proposition).
• Problem Statement = clear written formulation of the research problem, its significance, scope, and objectives.